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Highly honored sir, you call Joachim only the leading German violinist? I find him to be the leading performing musician altogether — an ideal of perfection. With his incomparable mastery he has terrified me and laid me low — but the feeling of artistic elevation that I owe to him won out in the end.

Hans von Bülow to Franz Wüllner, 1 December, 1866
(Berlin SBPK: Mus. ep. Hans von Bülow 1537)


This website is dedicated to the life and art of Joseph Joachim. The information on the site derives from my ongoing research and writing, which I am publishing here in the JJLesendpsspirit of modern, open-source scholarship. For copyright reasons related to the source material, some information remains password-protected and unavailable to the public. The material on this site is organized by category. The detailed Biographical Posts begin here (“Kittsee, 1831”), and continue as a series of linked articles. There are some gaps in the links — this is, as I say, an ongoing project. A Brief Biography begins below (“Joseph Joachim”).

In general, if you wish to use any of the content on this site, especially copyrighted material, please acknowledge the source. I request that those with whom I have shared protected information keep their password secret and refrain from making public any information that is not already in the public domain.

The WordPress blog format does not allow me to organize posts as I wish: it organizes posts by date, which is to say, randomly. I am, however, linking the Biographical Posts in sequence, and organizing all of the material in the INDEX. Content is also searchable using the “search” function.

I wish to acknowledge the invaluable and generous support of the University of New Hampshire, without which this work would not have been possible.

unh_logo_lrgRobert W. Eshbach
Associate Professor of Music Emeritus
University of New Hampshire
reshbach (at) unh.edu


Sold at Sotheby’s on December 13, 2022:

Joachim. Collection of printed and manuscript music belonging to Joachim and his family.

Collection of printed and manuscript music belonging to Joachim and his family, WITH A MANUSCRIPT FULL SCORE OF JOACHIM’S OVERTURE DEMETRIUS, REVISED BY JOACHIM

the printed scores including by Bach (including a Breitkopf edition of six violin sonatas with piano accompaniments by Schumann, INSCRIBED BY SCHUMANN TO JOACHIM), Beethoven (Peters editions of the quartets op.18, arranged for piano four hands, inscribed “Joh. Joachim Pforta, d. 12 Sept. 1883”, and the violin concerto op.61), Gluck (a Peters edition of Iphigénie en Aulide, belonging to Marie Joachim), Mozart (a Peters vocal score of La clemenza di Tito inscribed by Marie Joachim), Tartini, Leclair, Spohr, Schubert, Mendelssohn (including a Peters edition of overtures arranged for piano four hands belonging to Johannes Joachim), Joachim (op.2 no.1, Romance), Schumann (first editions of Bunte Blätter, op.99, and Albumblätter, op.124), Ernst Rudorff (Variations op.24, inscribed by the composer), Brahms (including Ungarische Tänze, arranged for violin and piano, vols.1-3, vol. 3 without the violin part), and Heinrich von Herzogenberg (full score of Symphony no.2, inscribed by the composer “Seinem lieben Freunden Joseph Joachim Weihnacht 1890 HH”)

the manuscript comprising a scribal full score of Joachim’s orchestral overture Demetrius, op.6, notated in brown ink on one 16-stave system per page, dated by the scribe at the end (“Berlin, den 28sten August 1854″), WITH EXTENSIVE PENCIL ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS IN JOACHIM’S HAND, the title-page annotated by Joachim (“Umarbeitung einer frühern Ouverture”), 79 pages, oblong 4to (25.5 x 33.5cm), contemporary cloth, no place, [1854 and later]

33 volumes in all, various sizes, bound in with the volume containing Beethoven’s op.61 some manuscript items, including a sonata by Tartini, possibly marked up by Joachim, mostly cloth, nineteenth century, the inscription by Schumann on one edition cropped

A remarkable collection of volumes from the library of arguably the greatest violinist of the nineteenth century. Of particular interest is the score of Joachim’s Demetrius overture, composed 1853-1854 and later revised – a fine example of what the composer himself termed ‘psychological music’.

I would be delighted to hear from the buyer of this collection. The manuscript copy of the Demetrius Overture is of great historical importance, and should not be lost to scholarship. Please contact me at: reshbach(at)unh.edu. Thank you!


Now available from Boydell & Brewer: The Creative Worlds of Joseph Joachim, Valerie Woodring Goertzen and Robert Whitehouse Eshbach, editors

Contents

Introduction: The Creative Worlds of Joseph Joachim
Robert Whitehouse Eshbach

PART ONE: Identity

1. “Of the Highest Good”: Joachim’s Relationship to Mendelssohn
R. Larry Todd
2. Joseph Joachim and His Jewish Dilemma
Styra Avins
3. Joachim and Romani Musicians: Their Relationship and Common Features in Performance Practice
Mineo Ota

PART TWO: Joachim as Performer

4. Joachim’s Violins: Spotlights on Some of Them
Ruprecht Kamlah
5. (Re-)Enchanting Performance: Joachim and the Spirit of Beethoven
Karen Leistra-Jones
6. “Thou That Hast Been in England Many a Year”: The British Joachim
Ian Maxwell
7. Joachim at the Crystal Palace
Michael Musgrave
8. “Music Was Poured by Perfect Ministrants”: Joseph Joachim at the Monday Popular Concerts, London
Therese Ellsworth
9. “Das Quartett-Spiel ist doch wohl mein eigentliches Fach”: Joseph Joachim and the String
Quartet
Robert Riggs
10. Professor Joachim and His Pupils
Sanna Pederson
11. Performers as Authors of Music History: Joseph and Amalie Joachim
Beatrix Borchard
12. At the Intersection of Performance and Composition: Joseph Joachim and Brahms’s Piano
Quartet in A Major, Op. 26, Movement III
William P. Horne

PART THREE: Joachim as Composer

13. Re-considering the Young Composer-Performer Joseph Joachim, 1841-53
Katharina Uhde
14. “Franz Liszt gewidmet”: Joseph Joachim’s G-minor Violin Concerto, Op. 3
Vasiliki Papadopoulou
15. Drama and Music in Joachim’s Overture to Shakespeare’s Henry IV
Valerie Woodring Goertzen
16. “So Gleams the Past, the Light of Other Days”: Joachim’s Hebräische Melodien for Viola and Piano, Op. 9 (1853)
Marie Sumner Lott
17. Tovey’s View of Joachim’s “Hungarian” Violin Concerto
Robert Riggs
Bibliography
Index


DESIDERATA:

bn_joachim1) I am trying to locate the correspondence between Joseph Joachim and Bettina von Arnim that was sold by Henrici auction house in 1929. [Karl Ernst Henrici, Versteigerungskatalog 155, Berlin: am 5. Juli 1929.] I would be very grateful for any information leading to its whereabouts.

2) I am interested in finding birth records from the Kittsee Kehilla from the late 1820s to the early 1830s. As far as I know, birth records exist only from the mid 1830s onward — too late to include Joachim.

3) I would like to find Margaret Alsager Ayrton’s unpublished diary.

4) I am always interested in seeing letters, photographs, memorabilia, etc. connected with Joachim. Please email me at the above address.

5) I am interested in the whereabouts of the painting by Felix Possart of the Joachim Quartet in the Singakademie zu Berlin (1903).

6)

guernier_joseph_joachim-the_young_violinist~OMe00300~10620_20080913_09-13-08_57

Joseph Joachim at the time of his Adelskasino debut

This priceless historical artifact was erroneously sold by Stair Galleries on September 13, 2008 as “Joseph Joachim Guernier — The Young Violinist,” “Oil on panel, 8 3/4 x 6 3/4 in. Provenance: Property from the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.” It’s whereabouts are currently unknown.

Thank you! RWE

Desiderata:

  1. Ich versuche, die Korrespondenz zwischen Joseph Joachim und Bettina von Arnim zu finden, die 1929 von der Auktionsfirma Henrici versteigert wurde. [Karl Ernst Henrici, Versteigerungskatalog 155, Berlin: am 5. Juli 1929.] Für jede Information, die zum Aufenthaltsort führt, wäre ich sehr dankbar.
  2. Ich interessiere mich für Geburtsregister aus der Kehilla von Kittsee aus den späten 1820er bis frühen 1830er Jahren. Soweit ich weiß, existieren Geburtsregister erst ab Mitte der 1830er Jahre – zu spät, um Joachim einzuschließen.
  3. Ich würde gerne das unveröffentlichte Tagebuch von Margaret Alsager Ayrton finden.
  4. Ich interessiere mich immer für Briefe, Fotos, Erinnerungsstücke usw., die mit Joachim in Verbindung stehen. Bitte schreiben Sie mir eine E-Mail an die oben angegebene Adresse.
  5. Ich interessiere mich für den Aufenthaltsort des Gemäldes von Felix Possart vom Joachim Quartett in der Singakademie zu Berlin (1903).
  6. Joseph Joachim zur Zeit seines Debüts im Adelskasino (siehe oben): Dieses unschätzbar wertvolle historische Artefakt wurde irrtümlicherweise von Stair Galleries am 13. September 2008 als “Joseph Joachim Guernier – Der junge Geiger” verkauft, “Öl auf Holztafel, 8 3/4 x 6 3/4 Zoll. Herkunft: Eigentum der New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox und Tilden Foundations.” Der derzeitige Aufenthaltsort ist unbekannt.

Joachim Before and After copy

Photo: Reutlinger Paris

Photo restoration: Chris Whitehouse
Man Cave Pictures

Nur das Bedeutungslose fährt dahin,
Was einmal tief lebendig ist und war,
Das hat Kraft zu sein für immerdar.

Only the meaningless passes away.
That which is and was once deeply alive
Has the power to be for eternity

Joseph Joachim in Agathe von Siebold Schütte’s Stammbuch, Fall, 1894

Robert Bridges: To Joseph Joachim

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could not be unframed in S.E.

To Joseph Joachim

Screen Shot 2014-11-28 at 2.55.47 PM

elov’d of all to whom that Muse is dear
Who hid her spirit of rapture from the Greek,
Whereby our art excelleth the antique,
Perfecting formal beauty to the ear;
Thou that hast been in England many a year
The interpreter who left us nought to seek,
Making Beethoven’s inmost passion speak,
Bringing the soul of great Sebastian near.
Their music liveth ever, and ’tis just
That thou, good Joachim, so high thy skill,
Rank (as thou shalt upon the heavenly hill)
Laurel’d with them, for thy ennobling trust
Remember’d when thy loving hand is still
And every ear that heard thee stopt with dust.

Robert Bridges, May 2, 1904
First published in the Times, May 17, 1904, p. 11

Portrait of Joseph Joachim (1904)
John Singer Sargent
American, 1856-1925
Oil on canvas. 87.6 x 73.0 (34 1/2 x 28 3/4 in.).
Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Frank P. Wood 1928 901
©Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto


JJ Conf.

Obituary: Deutsche Tageszeitung

Deutsche Tageszeitung, Morgen-Ausgabe, vol. 14, no. 381 (August 16, 1907), pp.  2–3.

N. B.: Obituaries are posted for historical interest only, and should not be taken as sources of accurate biographical information.

English translation below (c) Robert W. Eshbach, 2025.


jj-initials1-e1395761217629

Joseph Joachim †.

Eine der bekanntesten Persönlichkeiten der Gegenwart, eine der bedeutendsten Künstlererscheinungen aller Zeiten ist mit Joseph Joachim vom Schauplatz abgetreten. Zugleich mit den Größten des vorigen Jahrhunderts, Liszt und Wagner, erschien auch er, um eine Zeitlang mit ihnen verbunden, denselben neuen Zielen zuzustreben. Dann aber schwenkte er plötzlich ab, und in dem Streit der Parteien, der damals die Musikwelt in zwei Lager teilte, bekannte er sich rückhaltlos als Gegner der modern-reformatorischen sogenannten neudeutschen Richtung. Unter Mendelssohns Augen war seine musikalische Erziehung abgeschlossen worden. Jetzt verband ihn eine immer enger werdende Freundschaft mit Schumann, die ihre innigste Bestätigung erhielt, als er den jungen, unbekannten Johannes Brahms von Joachim Schumann zugeführt und von diesem als „Messias der Tonkunst“ begeistert aufgenommen wurde. Der Zusammenschluß mit Brahms gab Joachims künstlerischem Charakter den entscheidenden Zug für sein ganzes Leben. In unbeirrbarer, überlegener Ruhe blieb er der erkannten Ueberzeugung treu und wurde schließlich ihr Opfer. Er erlebte den endgültigen Sieg Wagners, und wenn auch die Brahms-Gemeinde allmählich Boden gewann, so blieb sie doch stets auf einen engen Kreis beschränkt.

Dieser vergebliche Kampf gegen die künstlerischen Machthaber der Gegenwart gibt dem reichgegliederten Leben Joachims einen tragischen Akzent. Er isolierte sich dadurch und mußte es schließlich mitansehen, wie er als Inhaber einer der einflußreichsten Stellungen der Reichshauptstadt mehr und mehr die Fühlung mit den vorwärtstreibenden Kräften verlor. Es ist eine im Grunde müßige Spekulation, zu überlegen, welche Vorteile der Kunst aus einem Zusammenwirken Joachims und der um Wagner und Liszt gruppierten Künstler hätten erwachsen können. Sicher ist jedenfalls, daß durch jene unfruchtbaren Parteikämpfe viele n Fähigkeiten nutzlos vergeudet und manche große Kunst tat im Keime erstickt wurde. Was Joachim von Wagner forttrieb, war vielleicht im tiefsten Innern die Empfindung, daß Wagner für sein Werk von jedem der Beteiligten die volle, restlose Hingabe der Persönlichkeit verlangte, während Joachim eine so unbedingte Konzentration aller Kräfte an eine einzige Aufgabe nicht wenden mochte. Allein war er aber nicht reich genug, um Wagner gegenüber sich als selbstständige gegnerische Erscheinung behaupten zu können. So suchte und fand er zur Ergänzung des ihm Fehlenden erst Schumann und dann Brahms. Und an der Seite dieser Mitkämpfer, die ihm mehr persönliche Freiheit ließen als der despotische Bayreuther Meister, entfaltete und kräftigte er all die großen Eigenschaften, welche ihm von Gottes Gnaden verliehen waren.

Das Merkwürdige an Joachim besteht darin: er ist eigentlich nur ausübender Instrumentalvirtuos. Seine eingeborenen allgemeinen musikalischen Gaben sind aber so bedeutend, daß sie ihm eine Position verschaffen, wie sie sonst nur Künstler von weit umfassenderer Begabung einzunehmen befähigt sind. Bei ihm baut sich alles auf der Basis des Violinspiels auf. Aber die damit scheinbar gegebene enge Begrenzung verliert sich ganz, und ein Musiker von denkbar höchstem Intellekt, von vielseitigster Aufnahmefähigkeit, von feinstem allumfassenden Empfinden, von einer seltenen Bildung des Geschmackes, von Verständnis für die subtilsten Kunstfragen steht vor uns. Man muß sich diesen geistigen Vollgehalt von Joachims Natur vor Augen halten, um seine Bedeutung für die Musikgeschichte richtig zu würdigen. Es ist daher schwer, den Geiger Joachim gesondert von dem Musiker zu betrachten, denn beide erklären erst einander. Einen Fortschritt auf speziell violinistischem Gebiet hat uns Joachim nicht gebracht. Fortschrittsmänner, die der Technik neue Wege erschlossen, unbekannte Ausdrucksquellen aufdeckten, waren unmittelbar vor ihm Nicolo Paganini oder Louis Spohr gewesen. Paganini als abenteuerlicher Zaubermann, dessen märchenhafte technische Künste Anlaß zu Legendenbildung gaben und die größten Geister seiner Zeit faszinierten — ohne daß es ihm je gelungen wäre, tieferen Gemütsanteil zu erwecken. Anders geartet war der deutsche Spohr, eine feinpoetische Natur mit reicher produktiver Veranlagung. Ihm gelang es, durch Aneignung und Weiterbildung der französischen Violinkunst eines Rode, Kreutzer usw. der deutschen Schule neue fruchtbare Elemente zuzuführen und ebenso originell wie meisterhaft zu verarbeiten. Neben Spohr gehalten, verblaßt Joachims Bild etwas. Jener war der geborene Komponist, der zufällig Geige spielte. Joachim war der geborene Geiger, dem kein anderes Ausdrucksmedium zu Gebote stand, dem die Produktionskraft versagt blieb. Man kann daher wohl von Spohrscher Technik, Spohrscher Kantilene sprechen — aber man kann die gleichen Worte nicht in Bezug auf Joachim anwenden. Wir Jüngeren, die ihn nicht mehr in Vollbesitz seiner Fähigkeiten hören konnten, sind ohne abschließendes Bild seiner Kunst, und spätere Generationen werden ihn nur der Sage nach kennen. Paganinis oder Spohrs Spiel dagegen kann man sich immerhin aus ihren Kompositionen annähernd rekonstruieren.

Aber dieses Manko von Joachims Begabung wurde gleichzeitig das Fundament seiner Größe. War es ihm verschlossen, persönliche Eitelkeit zu pflegen, so nahm er sich der vererbten älteren Literatur umso eifriger an. Und war es ihm versagt, durch unentdeckte mechanische Fertigkeiten die Leute zu verblüffen, so strebte er desto inniger, die überkommenen Vorlagen geistig zu durchdringen, ihren Inhalt zu erforschen und als reproduzierender Künstler im edelsten Sinne aus seinem Spiel die Psyche des Werkes selbst aufleuchten zu lassen. Ein natürlicher Ernst des Charakters ließ ihn von vornherein alle leichte Ware, alles Reißertum verschmähen. Und eine gewisse, angeborene Schwerfälligkeit ( — es ist bekannt, daß Joachim nie ein gutes Staccato besessen hat —) hielt ihn noch mehr von der gangbaren Virtuosenliteratur zurück. So wandte er sein Können ungeteilt an die musikalischen Meisterwerke der Violinliteratur, die uns Bach, Mozart und Beethoven geschenkt haben. In der lebens- und schönheitsvollen Gestaltung dieser Stücke liegt der Schwerpunkt von Joachims Künstlerhaft. Hier war es ihm gegeben, ohne eigentlich selbstschöpferische Veranlagung, doch produktiv im weitesten Sinne zu wirken — wenn man mit Goethe von einer „Produktivität der Taten“ reden will.

Joachims Ton blendete und schmeichelte nicht durch empfindsame Sinnlichkeit. Seinem Spiel wie seiner Persönlichkeit lag jedes äußere Dekor fern. Es war ein Ton, der mehr innerlich wärmte, zu Fühlen und Denken in absoluter Reinheit anregte, ein Ton, der in seiner keuschen Schönheit etwas Transcendentes an sich trug. Joachims Spiel vergeistigte, verklärte. Es lag nichts Gefallsüchtiges, gar keine Koketterie darin. Sondern das Streben zu abstrahieren, eine geheime Neigung zur Mystik. Das Mechanische blieb bei ihm stets in untergeordneter Bedeutung, und wenn er es schon liebte, seine etwas massive Doppelgriff-Technik gelegentlich anzuwenden, so wußte er doch stets die rechtfertigende gedankliche Grundlage zu schaffen. Ich denke hier an seine Kadenzen zu Beethovens Violinkonzert, die fraglos vor allen ähnlichen Versuchen anderer Geiger den Vorzug verdienen.

Dagegen gelang es Joachim nicht, mit seinen übrigen Kompositionen weitere Kreise zu interessieren. Viel hat er überhaupt nicht geschrieben — bekannt geworden sind nur: das 2. (ungarische) Violinkonzert, die ungarischen Variationen für Violine mit Orchester und die Ouvertüre zu „Heinrich IV.“ Sämtliche Werke zeichnen sich durch peinliche Gediegenheit aus, lassen aber so wenig originelle Phantasie und Gestaltungskraft erkennen, daß einzig der Name ihres Autors ihnen vorübergehende Beachtung verschafft hat. Länger als der Komponist wird der Geiger Joachim im Gedächtnis der Nachwelt leben: als kongenialer Interpret Bachs und Beethovens in Solo- wie in Kammermusikwerken. Die Joachim’sche Quartettkunst wird allen unvergeßlich bleiben, welche sie je miterlebt haben. Denn was der Solist Joachim noch dem Virtuosentum am Tribut entrichten mußte, das fiel beim Kammermusikspiel gänzlich fort. Hier bot Joachim etwas, das in solcher Vollendung kaum je dagewesen ist und schwerlich wiederkommen wird. Denn all denen seiner Schüler, die versuchen, nach seinem Muster Ensemblekunst zu treiben, fehlt doch bei allem Eifer das wesentlichste: die große, tiefschauende und denkende Persönlichkeit, die bis auf den Grund der Dinge blickt und geheimste Intentionen der großen Genien nachfühlend zu deuten weiß. Joachim ist der apollinische Künstler. Darum fand die größte Bewegung des 19. Jahrhunderts keine dauernde Teilnahme bei ihm — darum besaß er doch Gaben, die ihn zu einer ganz einzigen Erscheinung der Musikgeschichte stempeln.

Man hat Joachim oft einen Vorwurf aus seiner langen öffentlichen Betätigung gemacht und ihm gegenüber auf Liszt hingewiesen, der sich auf dem Höhepunkte seines Könnens vom großen Publikum verabschiedete. Abgesehen von der Verschiedenheit der beiden hier verglichenen Künstlercharaktere, abgesehen von den Gründen rein privater Natur, die Joachim zum öffentlichen Musizieren veranlaßten, läßt man außer acht, daß Liszt sich mittlerweile einen ganz neuen Wirkungskreis geschaffen hatte, während Joachim zeitlebens das Konzertieren als Hauptberuf gefesselt blieb, denn die Möglichkeit zu pädagogischer Wirksamkeit, die ihm in die Hände gegeben war, wußte er nicht richtig auszunutzen. Die Einseitigkeit seiner Kunstanschauung war hier ein Hemmnis für ihn. Er beging den Fehler, an die von ihm organisierte und bis zu seinem Tode geleitete Berliner königliche Hochschule für Musik ausschließlich Lehrer seiner Gesinnung zu berufen und impfte dem Institut dadurch von vorneherein den Geist dogmatischer Rückständigkeit und Unfreiheit ein. Auch seiner Tätigkeit als Violinlehrer im besonderen fehlten die großen Erfolge. Er bildete gediegene Musiker und tüchtige Geiger, aber er verstand es nicht, eigene Individualitäten zu wecken. Und wenn vor der ehrwürdigen, beinah schon historisch gewordenen Persönlichkeit Joachims manches scharfe Urteil bisher zurückgehalten wurde, so darf man doch jetzt auf eine gründliche Neugestaltung der Hochschulorganisation hoffen.

Joachims Lebensgang bewegt sich in verhältnismäßig einfachen Linien. Am 28. Juni 1831 zu Kittsee bei Preßburg als Kind jüdischer Eltern geboren, kam er als Wunderzögling der Wiener Geigerschule bald in die Welt hinaus, und empfing in Leipzig die letzten gründlichen Einführungen in alle Disziplinen der Musikwissenschaft. Von großen Kunstreisen, die ihn namentlich in England bekannt und populär machten, abgesehen, bilden Weimar und Hannover die markanten größeren Stationen auf seinem Wege. 1866 (?) vertauschte er Hannover mit Berlin, um hier die neugegründete Hochschule für Musik zu leiten. Bewunderungswürdig war seine Frische und lebendige Rüstigkeit, die er sich bis auf die letzte Zeit bewahrte — wer ihn sah, staunte über die urgesunde, kräftige, körperliche Natur des Sechsundsiebzigjährigen ebenso wie über sein geistiges wachsames Interesse für die ihn berührenden Dinge. Zweifellos, daß eine Persönlichkeit von so hohem, berechtigtem Selbstgefühl starke Einseitigkeiten in sich trug, namentlich durch die rücksichtslose Schärfe manches Urteils vielen Schaden gestiftet hat. Versöhnend wirkt solchen Fehlern gegenüber die innere Ehrlichkeit der Ueberzeugung, welche man bei Joachim stets voraussetzen kann. Er war ein echter freier Künstler. „Frei, aber einsam“ lautete sein Wahlspruch.

Und hinter ihm, im wesenlosen Scheine
Lag, was uns alle bändigt, das Gemeine

P. B. 


Joseph Joachim †

One of the most renowned personalities of our time, and one of the most significant artists of any era, has left the stage with the passing of Joseph Joachim. Alongside other giants of the previous century—Liszt and Wagner—he too appeared, for a time sharing their pursuit of new artistic goals. Then, however, he abruptly changed course, and in the conflict between factions that split the musical world in two, he declared himself wholeheartedly an opponent of the so-called New German School’s modern and reformist direction. His musical education had been completed under Mendelssohn’s eyes. Later, his deepening friendship with Schumann received its strongest affirmation when Joachim introduced the young, unknown Johannes Brahms to Schumann, who warmly welcomed him as the “Messiah of music.” The association with Brahms gave Joachim’s artistic character its defining trait for his entire life. With unwavering and superior calm, he remained loyal to the convictions he had chosen, and ultimately became their victim. He saw Wagner’s final victory, but even as Brahms’s circle slowly gained ground, it always remained a small, exclusive group.

This futile struggle against contemporary artistic powerholders brought a tragic accent to Joachim’s richly textured life. It isolated him—he had to witness, as holder of one of the most influential positions in the capital, how he gradually lost contact with the forward-driving forces. Speculating on how art might have benefited from true collaboration between Joachim and the artists grouped around Wagner and Liszt is, in the end, idle. Still, it is certain that many valuable talents were squandered and many great artistic achievements stifled in their beginnings by those fruitless party struggles. What really drove Joachim away from Wagner, at heart, was probably his sense that Wagner demanded total, unconditional surrender of personality from all who participated in his works, while Joachim could not concentrate all his energies on just one task. Yet he was not strong enough alone to stand as a distinct rival presence to Wagner. So he found in Schumann first, and then Brahms, the complementary qualities he lacked in himself. At the side of these collaborators, who allowed him far more personal freedom than the autocratic master of Bayreuth, he developed and strengthened all the great qualities bestowed on him by the grace of God.

What is remarkable about Joachim is that he was really only a performing virtuoso. His natural broad musical gifts, however, were so significant that they afforded him a status typically reserved for artists of much wider creative scope. For him, everything was built on the foundation of violin playing. Yet the apparent narrowness of this specialization disappeared entirely, presenting us with a musician of the highest conceivable intellect, the greatest receptive potential, the finest universal sensibility, the rarest cultivated taste, and an acute understanding of the subtlest artistic issues. To appreciate his importance to music history, one must recognize this full intellectual richness within Joachim’s character. It is therefore difficult to consider the violinist Joachim apart from the musician—each explains the other. Joachim did not bring progress to technical violin playing. The true innovators, who opened up new technical pathways and uncovered unknown modes of expression, were just before him: Niccolò Paganini and Louis Spohr. Paganini, an adventurous magician whose incredible technical skills inspired legends and captivated the greatest minds of his era—though he was never able to evoke deeper emotional involvement. Spohr, on the other hand, was a poetic soul with a richly creative nature, who succeeded through the adaptation and development of French violin technique (Rode, Kreutzer, etc.) in introducing new and fertile elements to the German school, and processed them with originality and mastery. Next to Spohr, Joachim’s image appears somewhat pale. Spohr was a born composer, who happened to play violin. Joachim was a born violinist, who lacked a different means of artistic expression and whose creative force was limited. One can refer, rightly, to “Spohr’s technique” or “Spohr’s style”—but not use similar phrases for Joachim. We, the younger generation, who never heard him at his peak, lack a complete picture of his art, and later generations will know only his legend. Paganini’s and Spohr’s playing, however, can still be approximately reconstructed from their compositions.

Yet Joachim’s lack of creative output became, at the same time, the foundation of his greatness. Unable to satisfy personal vanity, he dedicated himself even more eagerly to older inherited literature. While denied the capacity to astonish with innovative technical prowess, he strove all the harder to penetrate established masterpieces intellectually, to explore their content, and as a performing artist in the highest sense, to let the psyche of the work itself shine through his playing. A deep seriousness of character led him from the start to shun all superficial or sensational works. And a certain innate heaviness of touch—(it is well known that Joachim never mastered a truly good staccato)—kept him further from the usual virtuoso repertoire. Instead, he devoted his abilities entirely to the great masterworks of violin literature from Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. The essence of Joachim’s artistry lay in his vital and beautiful shaping of these works. Here, even without original creative powers, he was able to be profoundly productive in the broadest sense—“the productivity of deeds,” as Goethe said.

Joachim’s sound never dazzled or flattered with sensual charm. In both his playing and his personality, all external decoration was absent. His tone was one that warmed from within, inspired thought and feeling in absolute purity—a tone whose chaste beauty bore something transcendent. Joachim’s playing was spiritual, visionary; there was nothing self-serving or coquettish about it. Rather, he was driven by abstraction, by a secret inclination toward mysticism. Technique always played a subordinate role, and even when he loved to use his somewhat heavy double-stopping, he always sought to build a sound intellectual foundation. Consider his cadenzas for Beethoven’s violin concerto—they surely deserve precedence over all similar attempts by other violinists.

In contrast, Joachim was unable to reach a wider audience with his other compositions. He wrote little—only the second (Hungarian) violin concerto, the Hungarian variations for violin and orchestra, and the overture to “Heinrich IV” gained recognition. All are marked by meticulous craftsmanship, but show so little original imagination and creative power that only the author’s name has secured them passing notice. As a violinist rather than as a composer, Joachim is destined to live longer in posterity’s memory—as the congenial interpreter of Bach and Beethoven in solo and chamber works. His legacy in quartet playing will remain unforgettable to all who experienced it. What the soloist Joachim still had to pay to virtuosity was utterly set aside in chamber music. Here, he offered something so perfectly achieved that its equal may never have existed. For all his students who tried to emulate his ensemble playing, the essential thing was always missing: that deep, reflective personality able to perceive the innermost intentions of the great masters and express them with feeling. Joachim is the apollonian artist. For this reason, the greatest movement of the nineteenth century—its enduring achievement—marked him as a unique figure in musical history.

Joachim was often reproached for his long public career, with some pointing to the example of Liszt, who retired from the stage at the height of his powers. But aside from the purely private reasons that led to Joachim’s passion for public music-making, one must recall that Liszt had, in the meantime, found a completely new sphere of influence, while Joachim devoted his entire life to concertizing, without fully utilizing the opportunities for teaching that were available to him. Here, his narrow artistic outlook was a real obstacle. He made the error of appointing only teachers who shared his outlook at the Berlin Royal Conservatory, which he organized and ran until his death, and thus from the start he instilled a spirit of dogmatic backwardness and lack of freedom in the institution. As a violin teacher in particular, he lacked significant success. He trained solid musicians and capable violinists, but could not inspire true individuality. And even if, out of respect for Joachim’s venerable, almost legendary personality, harsh criticism has been avoided, it is time to hope for a thorough renewal of the school’s structure.

Joachim’s life followed relatively straightforward paths. Born June 28, 1831, in Kittsee near Pressburg to Jewish parents, he quickly became a prodigy of the Viennese violin school and soon launched into the wider world, receiving in Leipzig his last thorough introductions to all the disciplines of music scholarship. Apart from major tours that made him especially popular and well-known in England, Weimar and Hanover formed the main stations of his journey. In 1866 (?), he left Hanover for Berlin, where he directed the newly founded Hochschule für Musik. The freshness and energy he maintained until the end was admirable—anyone who saw him marveled at the primal health and strength of the seventy-six-year-old, as well as his keen intellectual interest in everything that touched him. Doubtless, such a personality, gifted with great and justified self-esteem, held strong partialities, and some relentless judgments have caused real harm. Yet these faults are balanced by the inner honesty of conviction one can always assume in Joachim. He was a truly free artist. “Free, but lonely” was his motto.

[Meanwhile his mighty spirit onward pressed
Where goodness, beauty, truth, for ever grow;]
And behind him, in the insubstantial gleam,
Lay what restrains us all: the common.

[Goethe: Epilogue to Schiller’s Song of the Bell]

P. B. 

Joachim’s Contract in Hanover, 1852

Joachim’s Contract in Hanover, 1852

Theatermuseum Hannover, Prinzenstraße 9, 30159 Hannover
Personalakte Joseph Joachim, S. 11-12- recto and verso


Contract

welches zwischen dem Herrn Flügel-Adjudanten,
Hauptmann Grafen von Platen, als Chef des
Königlichen Orchesters und dem Herrn Concertmeister

Joseph Joachim abgeschlossen ist.

§1

Der Herr Concertmeister Joseph Joachim
wird unter Vorbehalt einer beiden Contractanten
zu jeder Zeit freistehenden Dienstkündigung, in
Folge derer dieser Contract nach sechs Monaten,
vom Tage der Kündigung angerechnet, als er-
loschen zu betrachten ist, als Concertmeister bei
dem hiesigen Königlichen Orchester angestellt und
erhält dafür einen, in vierteljährigen Raten
bei Königlicher Hofstaats-Casse zahlbaren Gehalt
von jährlich


=Tausend Thaler Courant=

§2.

Der Herr Concertmeister steht neben dem Capell-
meister und Musik-Director lediglich unter den
unmittelbaren Befehlen des Chefs des Königlichen
Orchesters.

§3.

[2]

§3.

Der Herr Concertmeister hat in dieser seiner
Eigenschaft in allen Hof- Concerten, den von
der Theater-Intendanz oder dem Chef des König-
lichen Orchesters unternommenen Concerten,
ausschließlich die Direktion der Instrumental-
Musik mit den dazu nöthigen Proben, (nicht der
Gesangssachen welche dem Capellmeister gebührt.)
Sollte derselbe durch besondere Umstände in
einzelnen Fällen wünschen von der Direction.
entbunden zu sein, oder durch Krankheit daran
verhindert worden, so bestimmt der Chef des
Königlichen Orchesters wer die Direction zu über-
nehmen hat, ob der Capellmeister oder der Mu-
sik- Director.

§4.

Der Herr Concertmeister verpflichtet sich,
in der großen Oper und den dazu nöthigen
Proben mitzuspielen und in Folge dieser Ver-
pflichtung dem jedesmaligen Dirigenten, sei
es der Capellmeister oder der Musik-Director,
unbedingt Folge zu leisten. [Daneben liegt
es ihm jedoch ob, seine Aufmerksamkeit auf
eine gleichmäßige Streichart und schöne Ton-

[3]

bildung des Quartetts zu richten und nöthi-
gen Falls seine bessere Ansicht gelten zu
machen.] Bei Behinderung der Opern-Di
rigenten hat der Herr Concertmeister die Di-
rection der Oper selbst zu übernehmen.

§5.


Der Herr Concertmeister verpflichtet sich
ferner, sowohl in den Concerten als auch im
Theater ein Solo auf seinem Instrumente vor-
zutragen, so oft es von ihm verlangt wird.

§6.

Sich nicht von Hannover zu entfernen, ohne
zuvor den nöthigen Urlaub von dem Chef des
Königlichen Orchesters erhalten zu haben.

§7.

Auf den besonderen Wunsch des Herrn
Concertmeisters wird demselben außer den ge-
wöhnlichen Sommer-Ferien (Mitte Juny bis
Ende August) im Laufe des Theaterjahres ein
zweimonatlicher Urlaub zugestanden, jedoch nicht
in den eigentlichen Concert-Monaten, und ver-
pflichtet sich der Herr Concertmeister überdem, an
den beiden Allerhöchsten Geburtstagen auf Ver-
langen hier anwesend zu sein. 

[4] 

§8.

Behuf der Theilnahme des Herrn Concert-
meisters an den hier etwa stattfindenden
Concerten fremder Künstler, ist jederzeit die
Erlaubniß des Chefs des Königlichen Orchesters
einzuholen.

§9.

Zu gegenseitiger Sicherheit ist dieser Con-
tract in doppelter Ausfertigung von beiden
Theilen vollzogen und gegenseitig ausgewechselt.

So geschehen Hannover, den November 1852.

Gf Platen-Hallermund

Joseph Joachim: Julius Giere, Hannover

Joseph Joachim: Kunstanstalt von Julius Giere, 5 Sophienstrd. Museum gegenüber, Hannover

 © 2025 Please acknowledge the source: Joseph Joachim — Biography and Research: http://www.josephjoachim.com

[This portrait available as a 1600 dpi scan. Inquire about price. rweshbach@gmail.com]

Amalie Joachim: Reminiscences of Childhood

By kind permission: University of Edinburgh Library Heritage Collections; Coll–1711/4/6 [English translation] and Coll–1711/4/8 [original German]
English translation, orthography, and spelling by Nina Joachim.
Der ursprüngliche deutsche Text folgt unten.


Reminiscences of Childhood
by
Amalie Joachim
(nee Schneeweiss)
Written for her Daughters and
Translated by her Grand-Daughter
Nina Joachim.
Christmas, 1957.


            Early one Friday morning, at 9 o’clock, just as the bells in the little town of Marburg were ringing in honour of Our Saviour, I uttered my first cry. It must have been a loud and angry cry, for our family doctor, Dr. Jüttner — of whom I later became very fond — was taken aback at the sound and exclaimed: “Good God, I have never heard such a cry from a new-born baby.” My dear Mother was weak and could hardly smile at the cry; but, though her cheeks grew flushed and she became very feverish, she was very concerned when my screaming continued.

            I screamed and screamed and refused everything. No soothing medicine helped — I just screamed! This screaming lasted for three days and then Dr. Jüttner laid down the law: “The child must leave the house. The mother is at death’s door and cannot recover so long as she hears the baby crying continually. The baby is unhappy and clearly does not like this world. She must go into the country”.

            It was in the wonderful month of May and so I could be sent straight away to a peasant’s wife. This woman promised to feed both me and her own baby properly and my parents were free of me and at ease in their minds as I was in the safe keeping of some Wends. My mother was on the danger list and my father and grandfather were deeply anxious. The dear, beautiful wife and mother, centre-point of the whole house, was thought to be dying. My brother, who was ten years older than I, and my sister, were old enough to fear for Mother. My father, who worshipped his wife, and Grandpapa who, as their uncle, had brought up both Father and Mother, were both almost out of their minds with grief. It was only too understandable that I, poor wretch, was forgotten during this time, but when at last Mother opened her big blue eyes without fever, her first enquiry was for me. “Yes”, they said, “The child is being well looked after: she cried so incessantly that she was taken away”. Mother sent for me at once, but the report came that I could not be brought back as I slept continually — a sign of how good the country air was for me. When Mother was better and was allowed out, her first drive of course was to see me. I was asleep. Mother picked me up — Heavens! that was not natural sleep. Then the woman admitted that she had given me brandy so that my continual crying should stop. Of course I was immediately taken home — and, once I was free of the effects of brandy, began screaming again. At home they were in despair. At last Dr. Jüttner said, “Let the child scream. When she is bigger she will sing. The little creature needs to express herself aloud. You sing also, Frau Rätin, and there is music all day long in your house, until late at night. The child is only trying to outdo you!” Mother was delighted and cried: “May God grant that my little girl may one day become a good singer; I will do my bit towards it”. My fate was thus decided long before I was aware of it. Yes, if my dear Father had been able to do his bit towards it, I would perhaps have turned into a good singer, but – – -!

Arnoldstein, Carinthia, with the ruins of Schloss Arnoldstein on the left

            Now I had better introduce Father, Mother and Grandpapa. Grandpapa! I have to shut my eyes and delve far back into my heart and memory if I want to see him. I remember very dimly a dear old face with something infinitely good and beautiful in it, viz. two eyes like stars, blue, large and shining, such as one hardly ever meets; snow-white hair with a black velvet cap, a kindly, almost toothless mouth, ever ready to tell us delicious stories. That is Grandpapa. He was the brother of Father’s father: Ignatius von Schneeweiss. He lived with a sister, Katharin, in Wolffsberg in Carinthia, not far from Schloss Arnoldstein, which was the entailed property of my real Grandfather. My father was born in the castle and was its legal heir. Grandpapa had a close friend, an officer called Lindes von Lindeman, who had come from Silesia. He had a sum of money and wanted to buy some property in Carinthia, but times in Austria were bad. Napoleon had smashed the world to ruins and thousands of lives were affected. Anyone who loved his country made sacrifice after sacrifice for it and my forebears brought of their best and laid it at the altar of their patriotism. The sacrifices were accepted — but what happened to our freedom and to our money — ? Both my grandfathers — for Lindes was the father of my mother — were impoverished. Lindes fell in a skirmish, and my grandfather Schneeweiss mortgaged his goods to the Church — in order to sacrifice even the little that remained of his property. The government later redeemed his property — that is to say, it took over the mortgage and Father received a small pension after the death of his father. Lindes left two children, my mother and her brother. The brother had been declared lost — it was said that he had followed the soldiers, seeking his father, when they had to march away. Mother’s mother was dead and Grandpapa took Mother into his house, as he was not destitute, but even after the state had gone bankrupt had sufficient means to live decently. He and his sister brought Mother up and betrothed her to the eldest son of Franz von Schneeweiss, who had meanwhile died and who was the former owner of Schloss Arnoldstein — which is beautiful to this very day. My father’s mother re-married and my father suffered a good deal at the hands of his stepfather. As soon as he was grown up, he left his stepfather’s house — that is, Schloss Arnoldstein, of which my grandmother’s husband was the trustee, and went to Klagenfurt, at Grandpapa’s expense, to study law. He was given a secure post at a comparatively early age in the little mountain town of Eisenerz. Soon after he brought his beautiful bride here, and — a blessing for their home — as dear Grandpapa’s sister had died in the meantime, he came to live with them too.

Ruins of Arnoldstein Castle, destroyed by fire 16 August 1883

            Father did not stay there many years but was soon sent as an imperial official to Marburg in Styria. When my dear Mother later told us children stories of old times — how beautiful Arnoldstein was: (we had a drawing of it, which Mother had made); or how horrid Father’s stepfather was and how he let Father sleep under the stairs which led to the dungeon, where centuries earlier many a man had been kept prisoner; or when she told about the castles which the family had owned on the river Drau in the Wend country, which had been destroyed long since and which had the beautiful name of “Castle of the Dragons” (Drachenburg) and Draustein, and of the ancestral ghosts who still wandered about in the ruins — it was so gloriously creepy that we crouched close to Mother’s footstool and hardly dared to breathe. She also told stories out of her own life. Once when she was about eight years old, she came out of Grandpapa’s house and there was a little boy sitting on the stone seat in front of the house. He was not as old as she, had black curly hair, and stared at her wide-eyed. She shut the door quickly and cowered behind it, crying bitterly. Grandpapa’s sister, who was very pernickety and cross, called her and she had quickly to go and do some work. She would have dearly liked to bring the little boy in; but that was not to be thought of. It was evening before she could go to the door again. She looked out and saw the little boy sitting on the grass, crying. Mother asked: “What are you sitting here for?” He replied that his little sister must be in the house and he had walked for such a long time, for he came from Vienna, and the soldiers had been dead a long time and he was starving; Mother was so distressed that she fainted for a short time; meanwhile, other people came and looked at the little boy, who really was Carl Lindes, Mother’s brother. There were many stories like this one and they show what sorrow there was in our families; they went deep into our hearts and cast a shadow over our joy and made us long unceasingly for peaceful happiness. And yet — what a golden childhood was mine! In Father, who was such a serious and capable man and who had to rise to heavy responsibilities in his post, grew ever clearer the thought, which had been awakened in him by my first cry, that I must become a singer.

            My older sister was delicate, and the mistake had been made of overpressing her with study. They planned to be wiser in my case and I was to be left free to sing. Well, that I did; I sat in the trees and competed with the birds. When I was four and a half years old, I was given a singing lesson by an old chorister. It was on the first of October, 1843. Father’s birthday was on October 4th and I was to sing a song from music. I knew the notes allright — my sister had introduced me to the mysteries of the black points — but what about the text?! Deeply ashamed, I had to admit that I could not read! Now I find it amusing that they were indignant at my not being able to read. It took me many weeks to teach my own children how to read, following well-known methods and a particularly bewildering system — and nobody had bothered about my learning to read! But the terrible fact was “Maltsche cannot read!” My sister had to come to the rescue. She promised that she would introduce me to the world of letters and would have taught me at any rate the relevant words by the birthday, which was to be celebrated by all the dignitaries of the town Marburg (to which my father had been moved). Three hard days followed. There were then 23 letters. How grateful I am to the illiteracy of those days which was content with one E and did not need five, as we unfortunate singers to-day have to use. We were also quite quickly finished with the G — our beloved dialect only knows one! Well, I sang the song proudly from the music and I can still see the fat Burgomaster before me. I had to sing directly to him and the wretched man laughed so that I was quite hurt and I do not think that my artistic achievement impressed him at all. However, the first step to singing in public had been taken — and it seemed that Father was pleased. Now I had to speak more German — our servants were Wends and we spoke Wendish better than German. Father also began to speak Italian to me and I was constantly told that this was the most important thing for a singer. In this way one or two years passed smoothly and there is only one event that I need mention. Some amateurs were studying the opera “Norma” for some purpose or other. (I heard this before my first performance — I was about three year old). I was allowed to go to the rehearsal. That was an experience! The impression that this rehearsal made on me was tremendous. For the first time Father’s wish that I should become a singer became my own desire. When I came home late that evening, I acted the great scene, in which Norma wishes to murder the children, so realistically, that my parents were quite overcome. I went on begging to go to the performance until permission was at last given. I spent the night almost in a state of delirium and began to sing out loud in my sleep. For months afterwards, I only sang “Norma”. My voice developed extremely quickly, and it became so high that I could easily sing the queen of the Night’s arias. There was a great deal of music in our house: Father played the violin and had a regular quartet, and we children were allowed to be present. My sister played the piano, my brother piano and cello, so that music in the house was well catered for. At that time, I got to know many quartets which I later heard at the hands of a master, the sounds coming back like dreams from my youth, but perfected and more beautiful. I had made a little corner for myself in Father’s room, where I could listen without being seen. If weariness overtook me, I fell asleep for a little — I was very young, and they played so late at night. My corner was behind the big stove by the two dogs; Mies and Bob were my best friends. They were mother and son — beautiful creatures — and they gladly allowed me to use them as pillows. Often very late at night the command came: “Maltschi is to sing”. Arias from Titus and Figaro, specially Mozart therefore, could always be turned on. I used to rub the sleep out of my eyes and start singing. Those were lovely times! The day was spent with the flowers and birds in the garden and the night with heavenly music. And so it went on until I was about eight years old. One day Mother said that she had to go to Carinthia, to Wolffsberg and Klagenfurt, about some property which she still had there. Grandpapa had now been dead a long time and the manager of the property which Mother had inherited suddenly seemed to her untrustworthy. Mother travelled by mail-coach, for there was no railway there then, and took me with her. I was too young to understand why she was so worried and wept so much, but I learned later that she had lost all her property through dishonest people It was hard. Father indeed had a good post, but his salary was not so very much and Mother’s property was big enough to be a considerable additional help to the household. We returned home a week later and found Father ill. He developed a strange illness and was a so-called “interesting case” for years. Doctors came from far and near to study Father’s case, but none was able to help. Then came the terrible year of ’48. My brother was a student in Vienna — we lived on the Hungarian border and we had friends who openly sided with the Hungarians. My father, as an imperial official, had to break with them because of his post. We all suffered under the billeting of the Croat troops, who were terribly rough and behaved as though they were in enemy country. When the Hungarians revolted from the Austrian army, there was a skirmish near our house, which was a little outside the town. Though we were forbidden to do so, we looked out of the gate and I saw what I will never forget as long as I live. Wretched human beings wounded by gunshot. Oh God! they were healed only to be executed!

            All this time my brother was in Vienna and there was no news from him for months. One day we got such bad news from Vienna through a private channel that my Mother could not endure it any longer but went to my Father’s office in the hope of hearing something definite. My sister was at school, the maid had gone out to pick up any news she could, so I was alone in the house. I latched the door and was just about to lock it when I heard heavy steps coming from the stairs to the landing — I fled to the kitchen, and got into the wood store under the stove. From there I could see a ragged figure come in and go to Mother’s room. My heart was thumping and I did not know whether I should stay where I was, scream or run away; but of course I did the most stupid thing of all and went into Mother’s room myself. A pale, bleeding figure was lying on the sofa — it was my brother. He lay ther unconscious, starving, wounded, in a tattered Hungarian tunic. Thinking that wine was good in all emergencies, I poured some into his mouth. He recovered consciousness and at the same moment my parents rushed in. They had heard that a ragged man had entered the house and had immediately thought that it was my brother. My brother had been saved from prison and indeed from death by a miracle, that is to say, by a miracle brought about by a courageous comrade. A difficult time followed for us all. My brother, who had qualified in law, could not enter the service of the state, as he had taken part in the troubles in Vienna. He stayed. No-one had the courage to employ him. In the little country town everything was known by everyone. The only way to make people forget that Franz (my brother), had compromised himself politically was for him to join the army. This was the advice given to Father when he — himself a sick and broken man — went to Graz to find a post for his son. Father heard also that a complete revolution of the judicial system was imminent and that he himself would probably be moved from Marburg. So the future was very uncertain. Father, in constant pain, feared that he would be made to retire — which was all the more likely because, as some friends informed him, he was blamed for the fact that his son had taken part in the students’ fights. This last fact greatly influenced my brother’s final decision and at last he joined the army. He joined our Styrian regiment as a regimental cadet, which about corresponded to our one-year conscripts — and was soon sent to Leghorn. This was a great blow for us all: Order had been restored no better in Italy than in Hungary and new battles were daily expected. My brother was to experience something worse than opposing in battle those whose views he shared. The enemy was hunted down in a secret fashion. Almost every day the flower of Italian and Hungarian manhood in the freshness of their youth were delivered to the barracks and every few days our troops were ordered to shoot them down in masses in the courtyard. My brother suffered so that he stood in danger of losing his reason. My father also had to go through a hard time. The judicial system was altered. With his years of service, he ought to have been given an important post in some big city, but he was in fact sent to a subordinate post at the little town of Bruck and der Mur in Upper Austria. This was the death blow for our dear Father. We left our beloved, sunny Marburg in the autumn of 1850 and went to Bruck, which was situated in the heart of the mountains, cold and sunless. After a bad winter, in which we suffered terribly, Father died in April. The move and Father’s last illness ate up the last remnants of our property and Mother was left helpless and without means with two girls. We still were to make one terrible discovery. We had heard nothing for months from Franz in Italy. When Father’s eyes were closed for ever, Mother found in his desk one of her letters to Franz, on the envelope of which was written: “Addressee deserted a fortnight ago and not yet recaptured”. In this letter Mother had implored Franz to carry on and to do his duty faithfully and she had told him openly about the desperate state of Father’s health. The letter came back to Father’s office and it had been sent to his home with various official papers. He had read it and concealed it from Mother, hoping no doubt to give it to her when he was in better health and she more hopeful. So Mother had lost both husband and son and this prostrated her. She became seriously ill and I, who was twelve, stood by her bed in despair. I can still see every chair, every picture in that room in which she was ill. Father lay dead in his own room and people surged to and fro and prayed aloud, and we could only stand dumbly there with dry, hot eyes. Her duty to us gave Mother the strength to pull herself together sufficiently to do what was necessary. Father was hardly buried before everything that we could dispense with had been sold and Mother moved to Graz with us, where she had old friends and acquaintances. Her brother still lived there and she hoped that she would be able to bring us up more easily there. Oh God, what disappointments she had to endure! Those old friends, who were poor, knew her and were at least friendly — but those who were well off, quickly withdrew or even would not know us at all when we approached them. A terrible time followed; there was no help anywhere. Mother had to wait a whole year before she received her little pension. The only thing to do was to work. Mother had magic in her hands and could do the finest knitting. She knitted the finest christening bonnets and jackets for small children, which looked like spiders’ webs, and my sister and I embroidered them. There was a big shop in Graz for such goods and the proprietor ordered and bought from us. But what a labour it was — and how little money! My sister was delicate and was supposed to practice the piano for several hours daily, as Mother thought she ought to become a pianist. But what with the embroidery and insufficient food she grew steadily weaker in health. Mother’s despair grew daily as did the pallor and weakness of the delicate, beautiful, fairy-like girl. I was healthy and strong and could stay up and work for nights on end. But Mother also worried about my voice. I could not be taught, for where was a teacher who would teach me for nothing? Mother put my name down for the city conservatorium. That was all very pleasant and I always went to the classes, but I could not learn very much there. The conductor made me sing to him. “Yes”, he said, “That is allright. Come to the auditions the day after to-morrow and sing the Aria, “Und ob die Wolke” from the “Freischütz”. The burgomaster is coming and a big audience. If you do it well, something will come of it”. I was delighted. I could not imagine what would come of it — but it was wonderful to be allowed to perform; I had not sung in public since Marburg. I sang in the parish church in Bruck, but apart from that I only made music with my sister. I had long known the parts of Agathe, Annchen in the “Freischütz”, Gabriele in “Nachtlager”, Pamina, by heart — and now at long last to sing in public — ! But Good Heavens! A concert — dresses! My mourning dress was at least new and I could appear in it; but my boots! They looked as though they had been made to last for ever: they had thick soles and were of strong calf. I did not want to talk to Mother about it but I took Minna, my sister, into my confidence and asked her whether it would be suitable to come to the stage in front of the burgomaster in my boots — my dress after all was short. Minna knew what to do. The boots must be cleaned so that they shone well. Yes, that helped. They shone like anything, for I polished them for at least an hour, and if they weren’t looked at too closely, they might have been taken for patent leather. And so I walked on air down the long road and across the glacis into the town, into the council hall, and arrived of course a couple of hours too early. I felt quite sick, what with the wait, and the heat, and the excitement! At last it started. The burgomaster came; he was exactly like his opposite number at Saardam. He was fat and shining and understood just as much about singing as did my sham patent leather boots. But when I had sung and then amid great applause jumped down, very embarrassed, from the stage (when I was happy, I never could walk but always jumped — a habit which I kept for a long time) he beckoned me to him, stroked my head and gave me a velvet bag. He told me always to be good and well-behaved and released me graciously. I ran over to Mother, who was sitting next to the other proud mothers, and when we opened the bag, there were four ducats inside in the velvet! That was wonderful — my singing — four ducats! My delight was enormous and a glimpse of sunshine after such long, sad years.

            I remained as a free pupil at the conservatorium but I did not really learn very much there. But there was someone in the town whom I dearly loved, Julie von Frank, who took a great interest in me and worked with me. She was very musical and had heard a great deal of music. I began to study parts with her. I did not find learning by heart at all difficult and I soon had quite a good repertoire. But I was still too young and looked too childish to go on the stage. The director of the theatre at Graz tested me, but the conductor, who would not believe that I was only just thirteen, thought that, though my voice was strong, I must be consumptive as I looked so delicate. When I was fourteen, I sang to a theatre agent from Vienna. He engaged me at once from the following Autumn for the theatre in Troppau. So my great desire was fulfilled and there was the prospect of gradual financial improvement.

            But what distress and sorrow lay behind us! I will only recount one small episode from our life there — much that is similar had best remain untold. It was nearly Christmas time and we had a good many orders for little christening bonnets and jackets. We worked day and night, but my sister fell ill and could do nothing. The work had to be delivered before Christmas; Christmas Eve came and the orders were only completed late. My sister was in bed. Mother did not want to leave her and, though she did not like letting me go out alone to deliver the orders, she had to do so this time. So I was sent off with a little basket full of our work and was told to buy some meat when I had been given the money, so that my sister could have a good supper. Mother and I were only going to eat eggs, for as strict Catholics we had to fast. Fast! oh God — for days we had not had a farthing in the house and had already fasted for a long time! So I hurried into the town, for it was late and I was afraid of going over the lonely glacis. I could already see some brightly lit windows and happy people inside. Anxiety that I might come too late and not be able to get rid of the work and fear at being almost alone in the streets, lent me wings. At last I reached the house. All the windows were lit up and I flew up the steps. At last a maid came: “What, have you come? Now? Good Heavens, nobody thinks of business now. Well, I will tell Madam that you have brought the work”. She disappeared and returned with the message that I should leave the work there and call again after the Christmas days. I asked for an advance of money, as we needed it. It was hard for me to say the words and they fell like drops of ice from my lips. They did not warm the maid either, for she murmured something about a big party and that she could not disturb them; then she took the basket and shut the door. I went slowly home, no longer afraid of the walk. I stood in front of our door for a long time and thought of the illuminated windows and the gay people and could not find courage to go up. At last I heard Mother looking out for me from the window. I went upstairs to a room which had meanwhile become cold and told my story. No-one said anything. After some time a gentle sigh came from my sister’s lips: “Father, how lucky you are”. We went to bed quietly — I slipped into my sister’s bed to warm her and lay still, but I could not sleep for I heard Mother quietly praying. What must my Mother have felt? She was so beautiful, so gifted — she sang, she painted, she drew, she had been fêted as a great beauty and a young woman of brilliant intellect; later she was worshipped by her husband; and now she had not even got bread for her children; she could not meet the common needs of education and care for those whom she so loved and who deeply loved and revered her. My poor Mother! — I believe certainly that such experiences make people mature but they can also make them bitter. My beautiful and gifted sister shut herself more and more away from people and from the world.

            Still we also had our joys and I will be just and recount these also. A family, former acquaintances of my parents, lived opposite us. The children were musical; one daughter sang and took singing lessons from me, although she was considerably older than I was. I did not earn much from this — still it was about two Florins a month. We used often to play in the big garden and in the winter we danced. Dancing was almost as lovely as singing! Grand plans were made. The dear people knew that I wanted to go on the stage and so they set up a small stage for us children and we acted some plays by Kotzebue, who was then in fashion. That was glorious! I always took man’s parts” once Fritz Hurlebusch and once the “Posthalter of Treuenbritzen”. But I was also producer, mistress of the wardrobe, prompter and stage-manager. I was happy to be allowed to act and to get some practice. There was much work in 1853. I was just fourteen years old. I had got a contract through an agent for the best juvenile parts at Troppau and a salary of 30 Florins a month. It was not much but we had to live on it. The hope was that I would get on and in time would earn more. Sometime or other I would receive a larger salary — so, courage! Father’s wish was that I should become a singer — for Mother a last wish to be piously fulfilled and for me a most ardent desire. I had to have dresses for the theatre and there was no money for them. There was nothing for it but to buy material and to make my costumes as best we could and instead of paying in cash we had to make Mother’s pension over to the shop for a whole year. I had to get to Troppau in September. All our furniture was sold to pay for the journey and now nothing was left to remind us of our former comfort. My poor Mother! She seems a heroine and a martyr to me now! We travelled to Troppau in the middle of September via Vienna and so I saw the imperial city for the first time. My sister had once before been in Vienna, when applying to the Emperor for an educational or orphans grant for us. We were not given anything as we were only two children and Mother was expected to keep us in luxury on her yearly pension of 226 Florins. Each year has 365 days — but it would have been too sumptuous if the widow of a state official, who had done his duty for more than twenty-five years and had sacrificed his strength in his job, were to need more than 50 Kreutzer daily for herself and her two children. That was Austria! After two days in Vienna we at last arrived in Troppau.

            I looked forward to my new profession joyfully and serenely. I was so young and believed that my happiness in being at last able to sing in public and to make my appearance on the stage would carry me over every difficulty. With the easy confidence of youth I appeared before the audiences — indeed my youth soon won the public. The producer, Frau Rosner, who had been an excellent singer, had rented the theatre and ruled with a rod of iron. She was small and fat, with a wonderfully animated expression. She gazed at me with horrified eyes when I was presented to her. “That child? Yes, the agent had said she was young — but so young? I am curious to hear what sort of a squeak she will produce. She certainly cannot sing the great parts!” That did not sound friendly but it did not take away my courage. There was already someone ther for the juvenile parts and I was to take a very small rôle at first: that of the queen in “The Puritans”. There were only a few bars to sing but I had to walk “regally” across the stage. Well — I succeeded. I came on at the right time, sang and acted suitably, and the producer smiled! My second part was the queen in “Die Zigeunerin” (The Gypsy) by Balfe — an opera which was very popular at that time. In this there was more to sing and a great deal of acting. It came off and the producer said “The girl has talent — she is better than my other youthful acquisitions. We shall see”. Three days later she sent to ask me if I could sing Adalgisa the next day. I called to the theatre attendant: “Yes, of course — if need be without rehearsal”. This also went well and after that I was given all kinds of parts — soubrette, juvenile parts, dramatic parts, etc. My voice was then very high and I sang everything: Annchen in the “Freischütz”, Julia in “Romeo”, Gabriele in “Nachtlager”, Zerline in “Fra Diavolo”. In between I sang in operettas and even took parts in plays as I could speak tolerably well. I was exceedingly happy. The public was always nice to me — my goodness, what a child I was! — and I could learn such a lot, especially in acting. There was still a good deal to worry me at home. My small wardrobe was insufficient and many new things had to be made. We made everything ourselves. My mother and sister bought everything and I could not do much besides my continual practising. I certainly had to endure some hard times. I was healthy but all the ssame fairly delicate. The great parts were tiring, and our food was insufficient. The winter was very cold and the theatre horribly draughty. I often suffered greatly from the cold. One day we were giving “Die Weisse Frau” and I was singing Jenny. Snow fell on my shoulders in the first Act. The stove in the dressing room smoked badly and so there was no heating. After the opera Mother came to the dressing room and found me unconscious with stiff limbs and half undressed. She rubbed me and at last I was sufficiently restored to be taken to our home, which was near. I was really ill for a few days, but recovered and was none the worse.

            In Troppau the theatre was open during the winter only and we had to look for an engagement for a year. We succeeded in finding this and I was appointed for one year at a salary of 600 Florins at Hermannstadt in Siebenbürgen. That was certainly a slight improvement but it was a long journey. In those days one had to go from Pest, where the railway ended, by mailcoach to Hermannstadt — a journey of five or six days, that is, day and night. The only thing to do was once more to hand over Mother’s whole year’s pension as a guarantee. The business man in Graz advanced us the money but required Mother to take out an insurance so that he would be covered in the event of her death. This involved us in further outlay. We came to the difficult decision to part from my sister. She was to go for the time being as household help to a friend of Mother’s, who had several children, until we had sufficient means to get her to follow us. To leave my delicate sister behind was indeed a hard decision! However, her health had somewhat improved, and she was more cheerful. The life of the stage, which she could enjoy vicariously through me, enlivened her. She could also spend more time at her piano and she sometimes played at charity concerts. The fact that she was always very successful on these occasions made her both more relaxed and more hopeful. Indeed, how could it have been otherwise? She was one of the most beautiful girls imaginable. She was a delicate, ethereal creature with a mass of golden hair and most beautiful blue eyes. She was tall and slender and extremely attractive. Mother used to tell us how, once when she was very small and they were out walking, the carriage of the Emperor Franz’s last wife passed them. The Empress nodded to my Mother, who was curtseying, and saw my sister. She commanded her carriage to stop and had the child handed to her. “You are both a fortunate and an unfortunate Mother! It is great happiness to possess such a beautiful child; but the child cannot live, for only angels are so beautiful. To love this child would be an unbearable grief”. Mother bowed and answered: “Your Majesty, children are only lent to us so that we can prepare them for Heaven”. The Empress gave her her hand and said: “May God protect you and leave you your treasure for a long time”. The pious wish of the Empress was fulfilled. My Mother did not live to see the tragic fading of the beautiful child; but my sister joined the angels too soon, much too soon, fulfilling the words of the Empress. We travelled to Vienna after Easter 1854. Once again I sang to the agent. After a stay of three days there, my sister Minna went to Graz and Mother and I went to Hermannstadt.

            It was an extremely interesting journey. We went by train from Vienna to Pest and had to stay several hours in Pest as there were great difficulties over our passports. There we heard that we could travel more cheaply, though rather longer, with a privately owned coach, which only travelled by day, putting up at night in good, simple inns. Mother found this preferable and we made this arrangement. The owner was a jolly, amusing man and seemed very reliable. He promised me that I should hear some genuine gypsy music and see some true Steppe-dwellers and eat the real goulasch, which they cooked in great pots in the open. So we drove happily off with him and he kept his promise. We started every day at about 6 o’clock and reached an unpretentious inn or farm at about mid-day, where a simple but good meal awaited us, and towards evening we arrived at a village where we were to spend the night, and usually found decent beds. When one considers that there were two carriages like omnibuses — that is to say, about 18 or 20 people, one can only marvel at the organisation. The arrangements were exact, punctual and extremely clean, which is not always so in Hungary. One evening — it was a Sunday — we arrived at an inn from which we heard music as we drew up. The guest room was thick with smoke and full of black-bearded gypsies, smoking and drinking. We needed food and so we sat down in the room. Some gypsies were standing, others were sitting on a great barrel; they were singing and playing. The tunes sounded wonderful on the hard violins. The cymbal [cimbalom] player played excellently and when he noticed that his playing interested me, he began to improvise more beautifully. Besides Mother and me, there were only the landlady, a servant girl and a woman who, with her two children, was our travelling companion. The men wanted to dance, and as the landlady and the maid had to serve, there was no partner available except — me! Along came a young man shyly and respectfully and asked if “Gnädiges Freilein” would dance a Czardas. Mother indicated at once that I should accept and so off I went, and many dances followed that first one. At first I was a bit frightened and so I believe was my dear Mother; but these men and young fellows, who had certainly never danced with a “Fräulein” before, behaved like cavaliers in spite of the wildness of the dances and always escorted me back to Mother with knightly courtesy. I never experienced another night like that! There was no house in sight — only the wide plain stretching as far as the eye could see — and there were we women among these fierce, strange natives of the steppe — and the wild music — and outside moonshine and the peaceful loneliness. My heart swelled, I was only a girl fifteen years old; I slipped outside and began to sing — probably improvising after having heard the cymbals? Suddenly a shout of “Bravo” nearby. Everybody had come out without my having heard them: they burst out in acclamation and carried me triumphantly back into the inn. The next morning we started rather later than usual and all was quiet — the wild lads had disappeared like a dream. I asked our driver where everybody had disappeared to. “Who knows?” said he, “the poor fellows only gather together secretly. You know how things are with us. Many of those young men are honest peasants (Czikos) enough but some are different. There is martial law in every village and the authorities can shoot them if they are found. They are poor devils who do best to avoid the light of day”. We were rather horrified to think that the hand which held mine when we were dancing was perhaps stained with blood. But in those days in Hungary, if the landowner was stern, stealing a goose was punished with death. The lad who had stolen a goose had indeed no alternative but to become a bandit.

            We travelled for nine days before we at last arrived in Hermannstadt one evening. We went straight to the theatre, where the play was not yet finished, to enquire about our room which had been taken in advance for us. “Fiesco” was being given and “Julie” introduced herself at once as Frau Kreibig, the producer’s wife. She welcomed me very kindly, and said she knew that I was still very young but did my work well and that she was very much looking forward to hearing me. I had practised many parts which I hoped to be able to sing — but of course not the one in which I was to appear: “Leonore” in “Stradella”. But I had four days. Another opera could not be given straight away because of re-casting. I had never heard this particular opera. There was a rehearsal the next day. The conductor was not very pleasant but he was competent. I had really mastered my part and it was a success. The producer himself was in Vienna and only returned later. My second part was “The Gypsy”. I had sung a subordinate part in Troppau and had learned the main part at the same time; I was quite confident in it and happy and was again extremely successful. I had to sing about twice a week and I also undertook parts in plays and operettes so that I might become really proficient. It now seems amusing to me that I chose “The Marriage of Figaro” as my benefit performance and sang Susanna. My voice was so high and light that I liked singing high coloratura best. I sang Pamina in the “Magic Flute”, Mirrha in the “Unterbrochenen Opferfest“ by Winter, and all the high soubrette parts. We made some close friends in Hermannstadt, who stood by Mother loyally. We lived simply and we tried to manage with what I earned, but having to acquire the necessary dresses for the theatre caused us real privation. At that time I learned tailoring secretly, so as to be able to make my dresses more easily. But my fellow-actors and the audience were not to know this. Agents came from Bucharest who tried to persuade Mother to send me to the theatre there — but Mother would not hear of it. I received anonymous letters promising me the earth if I would leave Mother and go to Bucharest. I gave these letters — as indeed I gave all letters I received — to Mother. For some months all went well and we hoped to stay in Hermannstadt for several years, to let my sister come to us, and through saving at last to improve our financial position. But a great misfortune befell us: one fine day the producer disappeared. The business was not going well and he had a large family — enough said; he disappeared and left us all in the lurch in Hermannstadt, without having paid our last month’s salaries. Most of us were in great difficulties. It was indeed hard! This was at the end of July. The theatres only opened at the end of September, so what were we to do? How were we to live for three months? Salaries were not paid before the first of November. Should we stay in Hermannstadt or try to get away? We did not know what to do. The shock made me ill and I ran a high temperature. My poor Mother was once again overwhelmed by trouble. I recovered quite quickly but we were so unhappy that we might have done anything. However, we never thought of Bucharest! An agent in Vienna sent me an engagement at Ansbach in Bavaria. The theatre had no reputation, the salary was small and it was a long journey. We insisted that at least my fare should be paid and the producer finally agreed. But what were we to do till then? Our producer had made an arrangement with a man whose name I cannot remember but who always took the part of a monkey — entire plays were written for him with the monkey as the main character. He had not heard about the collapse of the theatre and came to Hermannstadt. This was a ray of hope! A few colleagues arranged with the monkey-man that we should act with him. He agreed and we acted for several weeks. We had to act whatever part he gave us. I took many small parts but also one big one — that of a deaf and dumb boy who had become dumb through shock when a child, wandered round with the monkey until he was a young man and finally regained his power of speech by the shock of finding his parents and his home. Studying this part interested me so much that I forgot our sad position. I won such favour with the monkey-man that he wanted to take me with him for this and similar parts. Thank God that was impossible because of my Ansbach engagement! I do not remember what Mother did at that time, and how she got the money to travel with me in September to Vienna. I only remember that she said she had to promise to pay high interest rates and that we were deeply in debt. So after those few months we left for Vienna by mail-coach, which travelled day and night but was supposed to reach Pest in five days. Our mood was different now than on the outward journey. The overloaded coach seemed to crawl over the steppe. The guard and driver were armed with pistols: they were afraid of meeting my dancers. We had adventures — but most unromantic ones. The main question was whether the driver was a drunk or not. Sometimes he drove off when all the passengers were still eating their supper in the inn and we had to run after him. The guard then beat the driver and sometimes he retaliated. It was all very unpleasant. Two nights before we should have reached Pest, our coach went up a pathless hill at about midnight, swayed to and fro and fell down a slope. There was a woman with young children there too. The first coach was far in front and went merrily on — and we lay there; I did not know how to get up and out. Mother was strangely quiet but the woman cried as loudly as the children. At last the guard came limping up, bringing a lantern, and helped me and the others out — but Mother lay underneath us all, covered with blood and unconscious. It took a long time before she came to. The coach was righted, the luggage tied on and we were slowly driven back to the last inn. It seemed an eternity to me before the postmaster was knocked up. Blood streamed down Mother’s face the whole time and I could not touch her as there were splinters in her head, as I discovered by gently feeling her. She was put to bed at once in the inn and the innkeeper, who was presumably used to such occurrences, got the big splinters out himself and told me that I was to cut her hair back at the sides as soon as it was daylight and get out some more splinters. Then he left us and I spent an unhappy night. It was dreadful to see my dear Mother suffer so, after she had undertaken this terrible journey for my sake and undergone such privations. Mother kept on fainting and there was I, all alone with her in a strange house. That night I vowed to dedicate everything, all my love and care, to her and not to weaken or go back on this until I had repaid her. She should be able to say with pride: “This is my child and through my faithfulness I have made her what she is”! How rarely have we the power to carry out our good intentions. My poor Mother still had to go through difficult times and I could not recompense her for her devotion. How many thousands of times I was later to wish, when she was long dead, to have her back just for a moment, so as to repay her, and how often I longed to lean on her faithful breast and weep and seek and find comfort; a Mother’s heart is a sacred place which can heal our wounds and comfort us in our despair. No one should undervalue this!

            Next morning things seemed a little better. Mother was hurt but only externally, on her head; she was weak from shock, but we hoped she would be restored after a few days’ rest. And so it turned out. We had to stay a week in the little village and then the postmaster himself took us to the station at Pest. Nothing happened to me as a result of the accident except that I had to carry a swollen, blue nose around with me for several days.

            We expected my sister in Vienna as she was to go to Ansbach with us. We had written to her during our enforced stay in Hungary that I would arrive later because of an accident. Our distress can be imagined when we at last arrived in Vienna and found that my contract had been cancelled because I had not arrived at the proper time! Fresh worries! Mother took her courage in both hands and went to Alois Ander[1], a celebrated “Kammersänger”, at that time at the height of his fame. He listened to Mother and got her to take me to him at once and made me sing to him. Mother fetched me — he smiled at me in a friendly way and said: “Hm, you are young enough and if your voice is half as beautiful as – – – but one must not make such a young girl vain. Sing away!” He began to play the page’s aria in Figaro and after I had sung four bars, he said “Come with me to Herr Cornet,[2] the producer, and don’t be afraid however much he shouts at you! He is a hefty Tyrolese and always shouts — but it doesn’t mean much”. If I had known how the “hefty Tyrolese” would hurt me later, I would not have gone with Ander! He took me to the Kärntnertor theatre and, terrified, I entered the great rehearsal room. A frightening half-hour passed before the awe-inspiring producer came in, with several gentlemen. He was a small man, ugly and deformed but with glowing black eyes; in a powerful voice he asked for Susanna’s aria. The conductor, Herr Esser, was with him and played the accompaniment. “Well, your voice is good — but you have not learnt much. But one can hear that you are musical”. “And I am young enough to learn if I am given a chance”; the words slipped out of my mouth. “Yes, you are called ‘Fresh as snow’ and ‘fresh’ you certainly are! I engage you for a trial period of three months at a salary of 30 Florins. You must come daily to the theatre to study a part that you have not yet sung. I will give you a week — then you will rehearse with the stage-manager and then you will perform; on that depends whether you will be engaged for longer”.

Kärntnertortheater, Vienna

            I was delighted and Mother and I went to our inn where Minna was eagerly waiting for news. We were overjoyed! Vienna! The Kärntnertor theatre! It is difficult to realize how important this famous imperial court theatre appeared to a little singer. How magnificent the enormous building was for those times! The rehearsal room alone was bigger, it seemed to me, than the whole Hermannstadt theatre.

            We looked for a small flat and found one on the fourth floor in a street near the theatre. We seemed terribly grand to ourselves when we thought of our poor little room in Hermannstadt! The next day I went to practise the “new part” in the theatre. A horrid, small, fat, greasy  creature came to practise with me. He looked down his nose at me: “Well, we shan’t of course be musical; I know it, it will be tiresome once again!” At last I learned that I was to practise Fatima in “Oberon”. It was a small part but not an easy one, as she has to speak a lot and in Vienna the great comic scene, which demands a skilled actress, was included. Fräulein Wildauer[3] had sung the part last — an excellent singer of the Burgtheatre. My rehearser told me all this, to cheer me up, before we began. I sight-read well, which he admitted with a sour-sweet smile. I rehearsed for another two days. The producer, Herr Cornet, came in and demanded that I should do the first duet with him — he wanted to mark the recitatives. My rehearser was furious: “We have hardly sung it twice, you will spoil everything!” “Nonsense”, said Cornet, “don’t let the girl imagine that it is difficult. Will you sing it?” I sang it straight away by heart, as I had worked hard at home. Then Cornet began — he sang and acted excellently and did every step, every movement, in front of me. “In two days’ time we’ll go on the stage and I’ll show you how such a part is performed”. And that is what happened. Before the week was out, I could act, speak, laugh and sing the whole part as Cornet wanted. The performances came off and I did my job well!

–o–o–o–o–o–


[1] Alois Ander (Anderle) (24 August 1821–11 December 1864) Cf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Ander

[2] Julius Cornet (15 June 1793–2 October 1860). Cf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Cornet

[3] Mathilde Wildauer (7 February 1820–23 December 1878). Cf: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Wildauer


Aufzeichnungen
von
Amalie Joachim
geb. Schneeweiss
über ihre Kindheit und Jugend
Abgeschrieben für ihre Enkelin
Nina Joachim
zum Weihnachtsfest 1956
in Frankfurt a/M.


[Seite] 2

            Es war an einem Freitag, früh 9 Uhr, eben läuteten in dem kleinen Städtchen Marburg die Glocken zum Gedenken unseres Heilandes, als ich den ersten Schrei ausstieß. Es muß ein böser, lauter Schrei gewesen sein — denn unser Hausarzt Dr. Jüttner, ein Mann, den ich später sehr in mein Herz schloß, stutzte als er ihn hörte und sagte: „Herr Gott, so a G’schra hab ich von einem Neugebornen noch nie g’hört!“ Mein liebes Mutterl war schwach und konnte kaum lächeln zu dem Schrei — ward aber, trotzdem böse Rosen auf ihren Wangen erblühten und sie arg zu fiebern begann, gar nicht gleichgültig, als ich mein Schreien fortsetzte. —

            Ich schrie und schrie und wies alles fort, kein beruhigendes Mittel half — ich schrie! Drei Tage dauerte dies Schreien, da sprach Dr. Jüttner endlich ein Machtwort: „Das Kind muß aus dem Haus. Die Mutter ist todkrank und kann nicht gesunden, wenn sie das Kleine beständig schreien hört. Das Kleine ist unzufrieden, es gefällt ihm offenbar auf dieser Welt nicht. Es muß aufs Land.“ Es war im wunderschönen Monat Mai und man konnte mich also gleich fort, zu einer Bäuerin, bringen! Die Frau versprach, mich und ihr eigenes Kleines redlich zu nähren, und mein Elternhaus war befreit von mir und beruhigt, denn ich war in zwar wendischen,

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aber guten Händen. Mein Mutterl lag zu Tode erkrankt — und Sorge, schwere Sorge hielt Vater und Großpapa umfangen. Sie, um die sich alles drehte, die liebe, schöne Hausfrau und Mutter war fast sterbend. Mein Bruder, 10 Jahre älter als ich, und meine Schwester waren schon verständig genug, um für Mutters Leben fürchetn zu können. Mein Vater, welcher seine Frau anbetete — und Großpapa, welcher Onkel, Vaters und Mutters Erzieher, waren fast wahnsinnig vor Schmerz. Es war nur zu begreiflich, daß ich armes Wurm in dieser Zeit vergessen wurde. Als Mutters liebe, blaue, große Augen wieder fieberfrei in die Welt blickten, war ihre erste Frage nach mir. Ja, das Kind ist gut aufgehoben; es schrie so unaufhörlich, man brachte es fort. Mutter ließ sofort nach mir schicken — aber zurück sollte man mich nicht bringen — denn — ich schlief beständig, ein Zeichen, wie gut mir die Landluft tat. Als Mutter besser war, ausfahren durfte, war ihre erste Ausfahrt natürlich zu mir. Ich schlief. Mutter nahm mich auf — ach Gott, das ist kein Schlaf, das ist Betäubung. Da gestand das Weib ein, dass sie mir Schnaps gegeben hatte, damit ich beständig schreiendes Wesen ruhig sei. Natürlich wurde ich sofort mitgenommen — und befreit von den Schnapseinflüssen begann ich wieder zu schreien. Die Verzweiflung im Hause war groß. Endlich sagte Dr. Jüttner:

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lassen sie das Kind schreien – wenn es größer wird, so wird es singen. Die kleine Seele hat das Bedürfnis sich zu äußern. Die Frau Rätin singen doch auch, und Musik ist den ganzen Tag in ihrem Hause, bis spät in die Nacht. Das Kind will’s halt noch toller! Vater war selig und rief: Gott gebe, daß das Mädel einmal eine gute Sängerin wird; ich will das Meinige dazu tun! So ward mein Schicksal bestimmt, bevor ich selber zum Bewußtsein kam. Ja, wenn Vaterl das Seinige hätte tun können, so wäre die gute Sängerin aus mir wohl geworden — aber!

            Nun muß ich aber wohl Vater, Mutter und Großpapa vorstellen. Großpapa! Ich muß die Augen schließen und tief in mein Herz und Erinnern greifen, wenn ich ihn sehen will. Eine ganz dunkle Erinnerung zeigt mir ein altes, liebes Gesicht mit etwas unendlich Gutem und Schönem darinnen. Dies sind zwei Augensterne, so blau, so groß und leuchtend, wie sie kaum mehr zu finden. Schneeweißes Haar, ein schwarzes Samtkäppchen drauf — ein lieber, feiner zahnloser Mund, der köstlich zu erzählen weiß. Das ist Großpapa. Großpapa war der Bruder von Vaters Vater: Ignatius von Schneeweiß. Er lebte mit einer Schwester, Katharin, in Wolffsberg in Kärnten, nicht weit von dem Schlosse Arnoldstein, welches

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meinem richtigen Großvater als Fideikommiß zu eigen war. Mein Vater war auf dem Schlosse geboren und der rechtmäßige Erbe. (Groß)papa hatte einen lieben Freund, einen aus Schlesien eingewanderten Offizier, Lindes von Lindenau, derselbe hatte ein bestimmtes Vermögen bar bei sich und wollte sich in Kärnten ankaufen. Aber die Zeiten in Österreich waren damals schlimm. Napoleon hatte die Welt in Trümmer geschlagen und tausend Existenzen stürzten mit. Wer sein Vaterland liebte, brachte Opfer auf Opfer für dasselbe. Meine Vorväter brachten ihr Bestes und legten es auf den Altar des Vaterlandes. — Man nahm die Opfer an — aber, wo blieb unsere Freiheit und wo das Geld — ?! Meine beiden Großväter, denn Lindes war der Vater meiner Mutter, verarmten. Lindes fiel in einem Gefecht, und mein Großvater Schneeweiß verpfändete der Geistlichkeit seine Güter — um das Letzte seines Vermögens auch noch zu opfern. Die Regierung löste die Güter später aus — d. h. sie belieh damit die „tote Hand“ — und Vater erhielt eine kleine Pension nach dem Tode seines Vaters. Lindes hinterließ zwei Kinder, meine Mutter und einen Bruder! Der Bruder war verschollen — man sagte, er sei Soldaten nachgelaufen, nach dem Vater fragend, als diese ausrükken mußten. Mutters Mutter war tot. (Groß)papa

Teilweise wiederaufgebaute Ruinen von Schloss Arnoldstein, durch Brand am 16. August 1883 zerstört

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nahm Mutter zu sich, da er nicht ganz verarmt war, und auch nach dem Staatsbankrott noch Mittel hatte, anständig zu leben. Er und seine Schwester erzogen meine Mutter und verlobten sie mit dem ältesten Sohn des mittlerweile auch verstorbenen Franz von Schneeweiß, dem ehemaligen Besitzer des heute noch schönen Schlosses Arnoldstein. — Mein Vater, dessen Mutter sich wieder verheiratete, und der vom Stiefvater sehr zu leiden hatte, verließ, sobald er erwachsen war, das stiefväterliche Haus — d.h. das Schloß Arnoldstein, in welchem meiner Großmutter Mann Verwalter war — ging, wohl auf (Groß)papas Kosten, nach Klagenfurt und studierte dort Jura. In verhältnismäßig sehr jungen Jahren bekam er eine feste Anstellung im kleinen Gebirgsstädtchen Eisenerz, wohin er seine liebe, schöne Braut bald holte, und mit ihnen zog, als Haussegen, der liebe (Groß)papa, dessen Schwester mittlerweile gestorben war. Vater blieb dort nicht lange, mehrere Jahre, wurde bald als kaiserlicher Rat nach Marburg in Steiermark versetzt. Wenn Mutterchen uns Kindern später von den alten Geschichten erzählte — wie schön Arnoldstein war; — wir besaßen eine Zeichnung, welche Mutter gemacht hatte; — oder wie bös Vaters Stiefvater war, welcher Vater unter der Treppe schlafen

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ließ, welche zum Burgverlies führte, in welchem schon vor hunderten von Jahren viele Menschen gefangen waren; oder wenn sie von den Burgen erzählte, welche die Fimilie an der Drau im Wendischen besaß, die nun längst zerstört waren, und den schönen Namen „Drachenburg“, „Draustein“ hatten, und von den Ahnfrauen, welche jetzt noch auf den Ruinen herumirrten, so war es uns so himmlisch grausig, daß man sich ganz zu Mutters Fußschemel duckte und kein Schnauferl machte. Aber auch aus ihrem Leben erzählte sie. Wie sie einmal als Kind von etwa acht Jahren vor der Tür von Papa’s(Groß) Haus getreten sei — und auf der Steinbank vor derselben ein Bübchen gesessen habe — nicht so alt wie sie, mit schwarzem Kraushaar, und sie mit Riesenaugen angestarrt habe. Sie hätte schnell die Tür geschlossen und sich hinter dieselbe gekauert und sie mußte so furchtbar weinen. Papas(Groß) Schwester, die sehr akkurat und bös war, habe aber gerufen und da mußte sie zur Arbeit springen, und sie hätte so gern das Bübchen hereingeholt. Aber daran war kein Denken. Und erst am Abend konnte sie wieder zur Tür, da lugte sie hinaus und da saß das Bübchen im Gras und weinte. Nun frug Mutter: „Was sitzest Du hier?“ Da meinte es, in dem Hause da müsse ja

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doch sein Schwesterchen sein — und es sei so lange gelaufen, denn es käme von Wien, und die Soldaten wären längst tot, und es hungerte; und da schlug Mutterchen mit einem Wehschrei hin, so kurz es auch nur war, und die Leute kamen und besahen das Bübchen, welches denn wirklich Carl Lindes, Mutters Bruder, war. Geschichten wie diese gab es viele und sie erzählen, welches Weh in unseren Familien war; sie drangen tief in unsere Herzen und legten einen feinen Schleier über all unsere Fröhlichkeit und erweckte Sehnsucht nach einem ruhigen Glück, Sehnsucht, die unstillbar war. Und doch, welch‘ eine goldene Kindheit habe ich gehabt! In Vater, der so ernst und tüchtig war, der durch seine Stellung schweren Pflichten gerecht werden mußte — wuchs der Gedanke zu einer immer bestimmteren Form, seit mein erster Schrei ihn geweckt, daß ich Sängerin werden müsse.

            Meine ältere Schwester war zart, und man hatte wohl einen Mißbegriff getan, indem man sie mit Lernen überanstrengte. Bei mir sollte alles klüger gemacht werden und ich sollte nur singen. Ha, das tat ich denn auch. Ich saß auf den Bäumen und sang mit den Vögeln um die Wette! Als ich 4 ½ Jahr alt war, bekam ich von einem alten Kantor Singstunde. Es war am ersten Oktober 1843.

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Am 4ten Oktober war Vaters Geburtstag und ich sollte von Noten ein Lied singen. Ja, Noten kannte ich, meine Schwester hatte mich in die Geheimnisse der Schwarzköpfe eingeführt — aber Worte?! Text?! Da gestand ich tief beschämt, daß ich nicht lesen könne! Jetzt finde ich es lustig, daß man damals darüber entrüstet war, daß ich nicht lesen konnte, — habe ich doch meinen Kindern nach berühmten Mustern und ganz besonders verwirrenden Systemen das Lesen selbst in langen Wochen beigebracht — und niemand hatte sich um mein Lesenlernen gekümmert — das furchtbarre Faktum stand da: „Maltschel kann nicht lesen!“ Schwesterl mußte aushelfen, sie versprach, bis zum Namensfeste, welchem sämtliche Honoratioren der Stadt Marburg teilnahmen (wohin mein Vater versetzt war), mich in die Buchstabenwelt eingeführt und mir jedenfalls die betreffenden Worte eingelernt zu haben! Nun kamen drei schwere Tage, 23 Buchstaben waren es damals. Wie danke ich der Unbildung jener Tage, welche sich mit einem E gegnügen ließ und nicht 5 beansprucht, wie wir armen Sänger von heute brauchen müssen! Auch mit dem G waren wir bald fertig — unser lieber Dialekt kennt eben nur das Eine! Na, ich sang das Liedchen stolz aus dem Notenblatte, und noch heute

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sehe ich den dicken Herrn Bürgermeister, welchen ich direkt ansingen mußte, vor mir, — der böse Mann lachte so sehr, daß ich ganz gekränkt war, und ich glaube, meine Kunstleistung hat ihm gar nicht imponiert. — Aber der Anfang des Vorsingens war gemacht und wie es schien, zur Zufriedenheit Vaters. Nun mußte ich mehr deutsch sprechen — unsere Dienstleute waren wendisch und wir Kinder sprachen also auch besser wendisch als deutsch. Vater begann mit mir italienisch zu sprechen — und stets hörte ich, daß dies für eine Sängerin das Wichtigste sei. So vergingen ein, zwei Jahre — gleichmäßig und nur eines Zwischenfalls muß ich erwähnen. Für irgendeinen Zweck studierten Dilettanten die Oper „Norma“ ein. (Gehört vor den ersten Vorsingeabend. Ich war circa 3 Jahre alt.) Ich durfte in die Probe, das war allerdings ein Ereignis. Aber der Eindruck, den diese Probe auf mich machte, war ganz enorm. Nun erst ward mir der Wunsch Vaters, eine Sängerin zu werden, selber lebendig: Ich kam nach Hause spät am Abend und spielte die große Szene, in welcher Norma die Kinder morden will, so lebendig den Eltern vor, daß sie ganz außer sich gerieten. Ich bat so lange, bis man mir gestattete, die Aufführung mitzumachen, was denn endlich erlaubt wurde. Ich lag die Nacht wie im

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Fieber und begann im Traum zu singen, laut hinaus! Dann sang ich Monate immer nur „Norma“. Meine Stimme entwickelte sich enorm rasch und wurde so hoch, daß ich die Arien der Königin der Nacht leicht sang. Bei uns wurde viel musiziert, Vater spielte Geige und hatte sein ständiges Quartett. Wir Kinder durften dabei sein. Meine Schwester spielte Klavier, mein Bruder Klavier und Cello, also war für Hausmusik genügend gesorgt. Ich lernte damals viele Quartette kennen, welche ich später von Meisterhänden vorführen hörte — und wie aus alten Träumen kamen die Töne aus der Jugendzeit wieder — nur veredelter und schöner! Ich hatte mir in Vaters Zimmer ein Plätzchen geschaffen, wo ich ungesehen hören konnte, und kam die Müdigkeit zu sehr über mich — ich war ja noch so jung und man musizierte so spät in die Nacht hinein — so schlief ich auch wohl ein wenig ein; das Plätzchen war hinter dem großen Ofen bei den zwei Hunden. Mies und Bob waren meine besten Freunde, es war Mutter und Sohn, prachtvolle Tiere, und sie erlaubten so gerne, daß ich sie als Kopfkissen benützte. Oft hieß es sehr spät in der Nacht: „Maltschi soll singen.“ Arien aus Titus, Figaro, besonders also Mozart, die waren immer „auf der Walze“, und da rieb

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ich mir den Schlaf aus den Augen und sang los. Das waren schöne Zeiten! Den Tag über im Garten unter Blumen und Vögeln, des nachts in herrlichster Musik. So wurde ich etwa 8 Jahre alt. Eines Tages sagte Mutter, sie müsse nach Kärnten, Wolfsberg, Klagenfurt wegen ihrer Besitzungen, die dort noch waren. Papa(Groß) war lange schon tot und die Besitzungen, die auf Mutter übergegangen waren, verwaltete ein Mann, der plötzlich nicht zuverlässig schien. Mutter fuhr hin mit der Post, denn Eisenbahnen gab es damals dort nicht, und nahm mich mit. — Ich war noch zu jung, um zu verstehen, weshalb Mutter so sehr viel Ärger hatte und auch viel weinte — erfuhr aber später, daß Mutter all ihr Vermögen durch unredliche Menschen verloren habe. Das war nun wohl hart. Vater hatte wohl eine „hohe“ Stellung — aber sein Gehalt war nicht so bedeutend — Mutters Vermögen war groß genug, um eine schöne Beihilfe zum Haushalt zu sein. Nach einer Woche kehrten wir heim und fanden Vater krank. Ein sonderbares Leiden entwickelte sich — und jahrelang war Vater ein kranker Mann, ein sogenannter interessanter Fall. Von nah und fern kamen Ärzte zu uns, um an Vater zu studieren, aber helfen konnte keiner. Da kam das entsetzliche Jahr 48! Mein Bruder studierte in Wien — wir lebten an der Grenze von Ungarn,

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hatten Freunde, welche sich offen auf die ungarische Seite stellten, und Vater als k.k. Beamter mußte sich von ihnen, seiner Stellung wegen, abwenden. Wir alle hatten unter den Einquartierungen der kroatischen Truppen, die furchtbar roh waren und wie in Feindesland hausten, zu leiden. Als die Ungarn aus der österreichischen Armee ausbrachen, kam es unweit unseres Hauses, welches etwas vor der Stadt lag, zu einem Gefecht. Trotz des Verbotes lugten wir zum Tor hinaus und da sah ich denn, was ich mein Lebelang nicht vergessen werde — die armen geschossenen und zerhackten Menschen. Ach Gott! man heilte sie — um sie dann zu füsilieren!!

            Und mein Bruder in Wien und keine Nachricht von ihm seit Monaten! Eines Tages kamen so schlimme Nachrichten auf Privatwegen von Wien, daß Mutter es nicht mehr aushielt, auf Vaters Büro lief, um vielleicht Gewisses zu hören. Meine Schwester war in der Schule — das Mädchen fort, um „Neues“ zu hören — ich also allein im Hause. Ich klinkte die Haustür ein und wollte eben schließen, als ein schwer tappender Schritt über die Treppe zum Flur kam — ich lief fort in die Küche und sofort unter den Herd in die Holzlage. Von dort konnte ich sehen, daß etwas Zerlumptes hereinkam und ins Zimmer von Mutter ging.

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Mein Herz bebte, ich wußte nicht, sollte ich bleiben, schreien oder fortrennen; tat aber natürlich das Unvernüftigste und ging ebenfalls in Mutters Zimmer. Da lag auf dem Sofa etwas Bleiches, Blutendes — mein Bruder. Er lag ohnmächtig da — verhungert, verwundet, im gefetzten ungarischen Schnürrock. Ich dachte, das1 Wein für alle Dinge gut sei — und goß ihm Wein in den Mund. Da kam er zu sich — und zugleich die Eltern angestürmt, welche gehört hatten, daß ein zerlumpter Mensch ins Haus gekommen sei und gleich ahnten, daß es mein Bruder sei. Durch ein Wunder, d.h. ein Wunder, welches ein braver Kamerad vollbrachte, war mein Bruder aus Gefangenschaft und wohl auch Tod befreit. Es kam eine schwere Zeit für uns alle. Mein Bruder, absolvierter Jurist, konnte nicht in den Staatsdienst treten, da er an den Wirren in Wien teilgenommen hatte. Er blieb zu Hause, versuchte Privatdienste zu finden. — Niemand hatte den Mut, ihn zu nehmen. In der kleinen Kreisstadt wußte und kannte man alles. Der einzige Ausweg blieb — um vergessen zu machen, daß Franz (mein Bruder) sich politisch kompromittiert hatte — in Militärdienste zu treten. Dieser Rat wurde Vater auch gegeben, als er sich, selbst krank und gebrochen, nach Graz begab, um für den Sohn eine Anstellung zu erwirken.

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Dabei hörte Vater, daß eine gänzliche Umwälzung des Gerichtswesens bevorstand und er selbst wohl bald von Marburg versetzt werden würde. Man sah also in eine unsichere Zukunft. Vater, beständig leidend, fürchtete pensioniert zu werden — umsomehr als ihm Freunde mitteilten, daß man ihm zum Vorwurf mache, daß der Sohn an den Studentenkämpfen teilgenommen hatte. Das Letztere war auf den endlichen Entschluß des Sohnes von großem Einfluß — und er nahm endlich Militärdienste an. Er trat in unser Steiermärkisches Regiment als Regiments-Kadett — etwa wie unsere Einjährigen — und wurde bald nach Livorno kommandiert. — Für uns alle ein schwerer Schlag! In Italien war die Ruhe ebensowenig hergestellt wie in Ungarn und man sah täglich neuen Kämpfen entgegen. Aber es kam für meinen Bruder schlimmeres als im offenen Kampf seinen Gesinnungsgenossen gegenüber zu stehen! Man verfolgte den Feind auf heimliche Weise. Fast jeden Tag wurden junge, blühende Italiener und Ungarn in die Kasernen eingeliefert und unsere Truppen wurden alle paar Tage dazu kommandiert, im Kasernenhof dieselben haufenweise niederzuschießen! Mein Bruder litt darunter, daß er oft dem Wahnsinn nahe war. Auch mein Vater hatte Hartes durchzumachen. Das Gerichtswesen

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wurde abgeändert und er, der seinen Dienstjahren nach in einer großen Hauptstadt hätte müssen eine erste Stelle bekleiden, wurde in das kleine Bruck an der Mur in Oberösterreich versetzt und zwar an zweite Stelle. Es war dies der Todesstoß für unseren lieben Vater. Im Herbst 1850 zogen wir von unserem lieben, sonnigen Marburg fort nach dem kalten, tief in den Bergen liegenden, sonnenlosen Bruck — und nach einem schweren Winter, in welchem wir furchtbar litten, starb im April Vater. Der Umzug, die letzte Krankheit Vaters hat den letzten Rest des Vermögens aufgezehrt — und Mutter stand mit uns zwei Mädchen hilf- und mittellos da. Noch eine entsetzliche Entdeckung mußten wir machen. Wir hatten monatelang nichts aus Italien von Franz gehört. — Als Vater seine lieben Augen geschlossen hatte, fand Mutter in seinem Sekretär einen ihrer Briefe an Franz, auf dessen Kuvert stand: „Adressat vor 14 Tagen desertiert und noch nicht eingebracht.“ Der Brief, in welchem Mutter Franz beschwor, auszuhalten und treu seine Pflicht zu tun und in welchem sie ihm offen über Vaters verzweifelten Gesundheitszustand sprach, kam an Vater ins Büro zurück und er erhielt ihn mit Gerichtsakten ins Haus geschickt — las ihn und verheimlichte ihn der Mutter — wohl hoffend, ihn ihr vielleicht

[Es fehlt hier eine Seite im gebundenen deutschen Manuskript. Nina Joachims Übersetzung dieser Seite existiert]:

He had read it and concealed it from Mother, hoping no doubt to give it to her when he was in better health and she more hopeful. So Mother had lost both husband and son and this prostrated her. She became seriously ill and I, who was twelve, stood by her bed in despair. I can still see every chair, every picture in that room in which she was ill. Father lay dead in his own room and people surged to and fro and prayed aloud, and we could only stand dumbly there with dry, hot eyes. Her duty to us gave Mother the strength to pull herself together sufficiently to do what was necessary. Father was hardly buried before everything that we could dispense with had been sold and Mother moved to Graz with us, where she had old friends and acquaintances. Her brother still lived there and she hoped that she would be able to bring us up more easily there. Oh God, what disappointments she had to endure! Those old friends, who were poor, knew her and were at least friendly — but those who were well off, quickly withdrew or even would not know us at all when we approached them. A terrible time followed; there was no help anywhere. Mother had to wait a whole year before she received her little pension. The only thing to do was to work. Mother had magic in her hands and could do the finest knitting. She knitted the finest christening bonnets and jackets for small children, which looked like spiders’ webs, and my sister and I embroidered them. There was a big shop in Graz for such goods and the proprietor ordered and bought from us. But what a labour it was — and how little money! My sister was delicate and was supposed to practice the piano for several hours daily, as Mother thought she ought to become a pianist. But what with the embroidery and insufficient food she grew steadily weaker in health. Mother’s despair grew daily as did the pallor and weakness of the delicate, beautiful, fairy-like girl. I was healthy and strong and could stay up and work for nights on end. But Mother also worried about my voice. I could not be taught, for where was a teacher who would teach me for nothing? Mother put my name down for the city conservatorium. That was all very pleasant and I always went to the classes, but I could not learn very much there. The conductor made me sing to him. “Yes”, he said, “That is allright. Come to the auditions the day after to-morrow and sing the Aria, “Und ob die Wolke” from the “Freischütz”.

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zum Prüfungskonzert, um die Arie aus Freischütz „Und ob die Wolke“ vorzusingen. Der bürgermeister kommt und viele Zuhörer. Wenn’s Ihre Sache gut machen, dann gibt’s was!“ Ich war selig! Was es geben sollte, konnte ich nicht denken — aber vorsingen, das war schön! Ich hatte ja seit dem lieben Marburg nicht mehr vorgesungen. In der Pfarrkirche sang ich wohl in Bruck, aber sonst musizierte ich nur mit meiner Schwester. Agathe, Ännchen im Freischütz, Gabriele im Nachtlager, Pamina, alle diese Sachen konnte ich längst auswendig — und nun endlich vorsingen! Ach Gott aber! Konzert! Die Toilette! Das Trauerkleidchen war ja neu, in welchem ich mich einstellen konnte; aber die Stiefel! Für die Ewigkeit schienen sie gemacht. Dicke Sohlen und festes Kalbleder. Mutter wollte ich nicht davon sprechen — aber Mina, meine Schwester, wurde ins Vertrauen gezogen, ob es wohl anginge, mit den Stiefeln vor dem Bürgermeister auf’s Podium zu gehen — mein Kleid war ja noch kurz! Mina wußte Rat! Schön putzen, damit sie recht glänzen. Ja, das half. Sie glänzten furchtbar, denn ich hatte wohl eine Stunde geputzt, und wenn man nicht genau hinsah, konnte man sie beinahe für lacklederne halten! Und so „schwebte“ ich die lange Straße und über’s Glacis hinein in die Stadt, in den Saal der Land-

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stände, kam natürlich zwei Stunden zu früh. Das Warten! Die Hitze! Die Aufregung! Es machte mich ganz elend. Endlich ging’s los! Der Bürgermeister kam; er war ganz wie sein Amtsgenosse von Saardam. Dick und glänzend, und verstand wohl vom Singen soviel wie mein falscher Lackstiefel — aber, als ich gesungen hatte und furchtbar verlegen unter großem Applaus vom Podium heruntersprang — wenn ich vergnügt war, konnte ich damals nicht gehen, sondern sprang stets — eine Gewohnheit, die ich recht lange behielt — da winkte er mich zu sich und streichelte meinen Kopf und gab mir ein Samtetui, ermahnte mich, immer brav und fromm zu bleiben und entließ mich huldvoll. Ich sprang zu Mutter — welche neben anderen stolzen Müttern saß — und als wir das Etui öffneten, waren in Samt gefaßt 4 Dukaten drinn! — Das war ja nun herrlich! Mein Singen! Vier Dukaten!! Meine Seligkeit war groß und nach langen, kummervollen Jahren ein Sonnenblick! — Ich blieb als Freischülerin am Konservatorium, aber gelernt habe ich eigentlich nicht viel dort. Aber in der Stadt war eine liebe Frau, Julie von Frank, welche sich meiner sehr annahm und mit mir arbeitete. Sie war sehr musikalisch und hatte viel gehört. Ich begann mit ihr Partien zu studieren. Mir war das Auswendiglernen gar keine Arbeit und nach kurzer

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Zeit hatte ich ein ganz nettes Repertoire. Aber ich war noch zu jung, um zur Bühne gehen zu können, und meine Gestalt noch zu kindlich. Der Direktor vom Grazer Theater ließ mich prüfen — aber der Kapellmeister, welcher nicht glauben wollte, daß ich kaum 13 Jahre alt sei, meinte, die Stimme sei wohl stark, aber ich müsse schwindsüchtig sein, da ich so zart aussehe. Als ich 14 Jahre alt war, sang ich einem Theater-agenten vor, welcher aus Wien gekommen war, und der engagierte mich gleich vom nächsten Herbst ab für das Theater in Troppau. So war denn mein heißer Wunsch erfüllt und Aussicht auf eine allmählige pekuniäre Besserung. Ja, aber was von Elend und Kummer lag hinter uns! Nur eine kleine Episode aus unserem Leben will ich erzählen — viele ähnlich bleiben besser unerzählt. Es war gegen Weihnachten und wir hatten ziemlich viel Bestellungen auf kleine Taufmützchen und Jäckchen. Wir arbeiteten Tag und Nacht — aber meine Schwester erkrankte und konnte nichts tun. Die Arbeit sollte vor Weihnachten abgeliefert werden. Der Heilige Abend kam heran — und erst spät waren die Arbeiten fertig. Meine Schwester lag zu Bette; Mutter wollte sie nicht verlassen, und obwohl Mutter mich nicht gerne allein ausgehen ließ, die Arbeit abzuliefern, so mußte

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es diesmal doch sein und ich wurde fortgeschickt mit einem Körbchen voll der Arbeiten und dem Bedeuten, wenn ich das Geld erhalten hätte etwas Fleisch zu kaufen, um der Schwester ein kräftiges Nachtessen zu geben. Mutter und ich wollten nur etwas Eier essen, denn wir mußten ja fasten als strenge Katholiken. Fasten! Lieber Gott! Wir hatten seit Tagen keinen Kreuzer Geld im Hause und fasteten schon lange! Ich eilte also in die Stadt hinein, denn es war spät und ich fürchtete mich, über das einsame Glacis zu gehen. Einzelne hellerleuchtete Fenster sah ich schon und fröhliche Menschen dahinter, die sich freuten. Die Sorge, zu spät zu kommen und meine Arbeit nicht mehr loszubringen, die Angst, auf den Straßen fast alleine zu sein, beflügelte meine Schritte. Endlich war das Haus erreicht — alle Fenster erleuchtet — ich stürze die Treppe hinauf, klingele, endlich kommt ein Mädchen —: „Ach, Sie sind da? Jetzt? Lieber Gott, jetzt denkt niemand mehr an Geschäfte! Nun, ich will der Gnädigen sagen, daß Sie die Arbeit gebracht haben.“ Sie verschwindet und kommt mit dem Bescheid, daß ich die Arbeit dalassen könne und nach den Feiertagen Bescheid holen. Ich bat, mir etwas Geld als Vorschuß zu geben, da wir es nötig hätten. Es war mir schwer, das Wort zu sagen und

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fiel mir wohl wie Eistropfen von den Lippen — erwärmte auch das Mädchen nicht, denn sie murmelte etwas von großer Gesellschaft, die drinnen sei und sie könne nicht stören — da nahm sie den Korb und machte die Türe zu! — Ich ging langsam heim und fürchtete mich nicht mehr. Ich stand lange vor unserer Haustür still und dachte an die erleuchteten Fenster und die frohen Menschen dahinter — und fand nicht den Mut hinaufzugehen. Endlich hörte ich sie, die den Kooopf zum Fenster herausstreckte, nach mir spähend. Ich ging hinauf ins mittlerweile kalt gewordene Zimmer und erzählte. Es sprach niemand ein Wort — erst nach einiger Zeit kam ein leiser Hauch von Schwesters Lippen: „O Vater, wie bist du glücklich!“ Wir gingen ruhig zu Bett — ich schlüpfte in das der Schwester, um sie sie zu wärmen — lag still, schlief aber nicht, denn ich hörte immer ein stilles Beten von Mutters Bett her. — — Was mag das arme Mutterherz empfunden haben? — Sie war so schön, so begabt — sie sang, malte, zeichnete so schön, war in ihrer Jugend als große Schönheit, als geistreiches Mädchen gefeiert — später von ihrem Mann vergöttert — und hatte nun nicht Brot für die Kinder, konnte denen, die sie so liebte und die mit schwärmerischer Liebe und Verehrung an ihr hingen,

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nicht die gewöhnlichsten Dinge an Erziehung und Pflege angedeihen lassen. Armes Herz! — Ich glaube wohl, daß solche Erlebnisse Menschen reifen lassen! Aber auch verbittern können sie ein armes Menschenherz! Meine Schwester, schön und begabt, verschloß sich mehr und mehr vor Welt und Menschen!

            Doch auch kleine Freuden hatten wir und ich will gerecht sein und diese auch erzählen. Uns gegenüber wohnte eine Familie, die schon mit den Eltern von früher her bekannt war. Die Kinder dort waren musikalisch — die eine Tochter sang, und obwohl sie bedeutend älter war als ich, nahm sie Gesangstunden bei mir. Ich verdiente damit nicht viel — aber monatlich doch etwa 2 Fl. — Oft aber waren wir im großen Garten und im Winter wurde getanzt! Ach tanzen! Das war fast so herrlich als singen! Da machte man große Pläne und, da die guten Menschen wußten, daß ich zum Theater gehen würde, arrangierten sie für uns Kinder eine kleine Bühne und wir spielten nach damaliger Mode einige Stücke von Kotzebue. Das war nun gar herrlich. Ich spielte stets Männerrollen. Einmal Fritz Hurlebusch — und einmal den Posthalter von Treuenbritzen. Ich war aber auch Regisseur und Garderobier, Souffleur, Inspizient. Ich war glücklich, Theater spielen zu dürfen und

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mich etwas zu üben. Nun gab es viel Arbeit 1853, ich war eben 14 Jahre alt geworden, ich hatte durch einen Agenten ja Kontakt nach Troppau für erste jugendliche Partien und einem Gehalt von monatlich 30 Fl. und das war wenig. Aber wir mußten davon leben. Man hoffte eben, daß ich vorwärts kommen und mit der Zeit mehr verdienen würde. Und einmal mußte ich ja mehr Gage bekommen — also mutig voran. Vaters Wunsch war ja doch, daß ich Sängerin würde — also für Mutter ein heilig gehaltenes Vermächtnis und mein sehnlichster Wunsch. Ich mußte Theatergarderobe haben, und kein Geld dafür war da. Es war also nichts anderes zu tun, als bei einem Kaufmann Stoffe zu nehmen, die selbst nach Gutdünken in Kostüme zu verarbeiten — und anstatt barer Bezahlung mußte Mutters Pension für ein Jahr lang dem Kaufmann verschrieben werden. Im September mußte ich in Troppau eintreffen. Sämtliche Möbel wurden verkauft, um die Reise zu bestreiten, und wir hatten nun auch gar nichts mehr, was an den einstigen behaglichen Wohlstand erinnern konnte! Armes Mutterherz! Sie kommt mir jetzt wie eine Heldin und wie eine Märtyrerin vor! — Mitte September reisten wir nach Troppau über Wien — und da sah ich die Kaiserstadt zum erstenmal! Meine Schwester war früher einmal in Wien, um den Kaiser

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um einen Erziehungs — oder Waisenbetrag für uns zu bitten. Wir erhielten aber nichts, da wir nur zwei Kinder waren und Mutter mit ihrer Pension von 226 Fl. jährlich reichlich für uns sorgen konnte. Das Jahr hat zwar 365 Tage — aber es wäre doch wohl zu luxuriös, wenn die Witwe eines Staatsbeamten, der über 25 Jahre seine Pflicht getan und seine Kraft in seinem Dienst dahingegeben hat, für sich und ihre 2 Kinder täglich mehr als 50 Kreuzer brauchte. — Das ist Österreich! — Wir kamen nach zweitägigem Aufenthalt in Wien endlich nach Troppau.

            Ich ging mit großer Freudigkeit und Ruhe meinem neuen Beruf entgegen. Ich war ja so jung — hatte nur das Gefühl, als ob meine Seligkeit, endlich öffentlich singen, auftreten zu können, mich über jede Schwierigkeit hinwegtragen würde. Mit der Unbefangenheit der Jugend trat ich vor’s Publikum — meine Jugend wohl auch gewannen bald das Publikum für mich. Meine Direktorin, Frau Rosner, eine ehemalige aussgezeichnete Sängerin, hatte das Theater gepachtet und führte strenges Regiment. Sie war klein, dick, mit einem fabelhaft energischen Ausdruck im Gesicht — und betrachtete mich mit ganz entsetzten Augen, als ich ihr vorgestellt wurde — „Das Kind?“ Ja, der Agent sagte ja, daß sie jung sei — aber so jung? Nun bin

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ich neugierig, was die zusammenpiepsen wird! „Alle die großen Partien kann die ja keinesfalls singen!“ Das klang nicht freundlich, aber mir benahm es den Mut nicht! — Es war eine Kraft für die jugendlichen Partien da — und ich sollte zuerst in einer ganz kleinen Rolle auftreten: Die Königin in den Puritanern. Wenige Takte zu singen — nur „königlich“ über die Bühne zu schreiten. Na, es gelang — ich kam zur rechten Zeit — sang und spielte angemessen, und die Direktorin lächelte! Zweite Rolle „Königin“ in der Zigeunerin von Balfe — eine damals sehr beliebte Oper. Da war schon mehr zu singen — viel zu spielen! Es gelang und die Direktorin sagte: Das Mädel hat Talent — ist besser als meine anderen jugendlichen Aquisitionen. Wollen sehen. — 3 Tage später schickte sie zu mir, ob ich anderen Tags die Adalgisa singen könne. Ich rief sofort dem Theaterdiener zu: Natürlich, ohne Probe wenn nötig. Auch dies gelang und nun bekam ich alles — Soubrettenpartien, jugendlich dramatische etc. Ich sang — damals war meine Stimme noch sehr hoch — eben alles. Ännchen im Freischütz, Julia im Romeo, Nachtlager die Gabriele — Zerline in Fra Diavolo — mitunter auch Partien in der Operette, und selbst Rollen im Schauspiel übernahm ich, da ich leidlich sprechen konnte.

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Mein Glück war groß. Das Publikum immer nett mit mir — mein Gott, mit so einem Kinde — ! und lernen, namentlich im schauspielen, konnte ich ja so unendlich viel. Zu Hause gab es freilich noch viel Sorge. Meine kleine Garderobe reichte nicht aus. Es mußte viel Neues gemacht werden. Wir arbeiteten alles selbst. Mutter und Schwester besorgten alles und ich hatte beständig zu studieren, konnte sonst nicht viel tun. Manche harte Stunde hatte ich wohl durchzumachen. Ich war wohl gesund — aber doch ziemlich zart. Die grossen Partien strengten an und Pflege und Nahrung war mangelhaft. Der Winter war sehr kalt und das alte Theater schrecklich zugig. Ich litt oft furchtbar von der Kälte. Eines Tages hatten wir die „Weiße Frau“. Ich sang die Jenny. Im I. Akt fiel mir der Schnee auf die Schulter. Der Ofen in der Garderobe rauchte sehr, man konnte also nicht heizen. Nach der Oper kam Mutter in die Garderobe und fand mich da, halb ausgekleidet, mit ganz starren Gliedeern sitzen. Ich hatte die Besinnung verloren. Mutter rieb mich ab und man brachte mich endlich so weit, daß ich nach miner nahen Wohnung konnte geführt werden. Ein paar Tage war ich recht elend, aber der Zufall ging ohne weiteren Schaden vorüber. — In Troppau war nur im Winter Theater — wir mußten suchen,

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ein Jahresengagement zu finden, was auch gelang. Ich wurde mit einem Jahresgehalt von 600 Fl. auf ein Jahr nach Hermannstadt in Siebenbürgen engagiert. Das war wohl eine kleine Verbesserung, aber die Reise weit — man fuhr damals von Pest, wo die Eisenbahn aufhörte, mit der Post 5-6 Tage, d.h. Tag und Nacht nach Herrmannstadt. Es war nichts anderes zu tun, als Mutters Pension nochmals auf ein Jahr zu verpfänden. Der Grazer Kaufmann schoß uns das Geld vor, verlangte aber, daß Mutter sich in eine Versicherung einkaufte, um — im Falle ihres Todes — sichergestellt zu sein. Das gab wieder eine große Auslage für uns. Wir kamen zu dem schweren Entschluß, uns von meiner Schwester zu trennen. Diese sollte nach Graz zu einer Freundin Mutters, welche viele Kinder hatte, als Gehilfin im Haushalte gehen — vorläufig, bis wir die Mittel hätten, sie nachkommen zu lassen. Es war wohl ein schwerer Entschluß, die zarte Schwester von uns zulassen! Sie war wohl etwas gesünder geworden. Ihr Gemüt war fröhlicher. Das Leben beim Thater, welches sie durch mich doch etwas mitgenießen konnte, machte sie heiterer. Sie konnte doch auch mehr Zeit auf Ihr Klavierspielen verwenden, und trat ein paar Mal in Wohltätigkeitskonzerten als Pianistin auf. Es wirkte befrei-

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end und hoffnungerweckend auf sie ein, daß sie stets große Erfolge hatte. Wie konnte es auch anders sein? Es war eines der herrlichsten Mädchen, welche man sehen konnte. Ein zartes, ätherisches Geschöpf mit einer Fülle von gold-blonden Haaren und den schönsten blauen Augen. Groß und schlank und von unendlichem Leibreiz [sic]. Mutter erzählte, daß sie, als meine Schwester noch ein ganz kleines Geschöpf war, dem Wagen mit der letzten Gemahlin Kaiser Franz, welche damals dort als Witwe lebte, begegnet sei. Die Kaiserin nickte meiner siech verbeugenden Mutter zu, sah meine Schwester, ließ sofort halten und sich das Kind reichen. „Sie sind eine glückliche und unglückliche Mutter! Ein so schönes Kind zu besitzen ist ein großes Glück; — das Kind kann aber nicht leben bleiben, denn so schön sind nur Engel, und dies Kind verlieren zu müssen wäre ein unerträgliches Unglück!“ Mutter verbeugte sich und erwiderte: Majestät, Kinder sind uns nur verliehen, damit wir sie für den Himmel vorbereiten. Die Kaiserin gab ihr die Hand und sagte: Gott behüte Sie und lasse Ihnen noch lange Ihren Schatz! — Der fromme Wunsch der Kaiserin ist erfùllt worden. Mutter erlebte das traurige Hinwelken des schönen Kindes nicht; aber zu frühe, viel zu früher mußte

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meine Schwester zu den Engeln eingehen — ebenfalls den Ausspruch der Kaiserin bestätigend. — Nach Ostern 1854 reisten wir nach Wien, wo ich wieder den Agenten vorsang, — nach einem dreitägigen Aufenthalt dort fuhr Minna, meine Schwester, nach Graz und Mutter und ich nach Hermannstadt. — Es war eine höchst interessante Reise. Wir fuhren von Wien bis Pest per Bahn, mußten in Pest mehrere Stunden bleiben, da man dort schreckliche Umständlichkeiten mit den Pässen hatte. Dort hörten wir, daß wir billiger aber etwas länger mit dem Omnibus eines Privatunternehmers führen, welcher nur tags führe, die Nächte aber in guten, einfachen Gasthäusern bliebe. Mutter sagte dies mehr zu und wir schlossen mit dem Unternehmer ab. Es war ein sehr lustiger, komischer Mann, schien sehr zuverlässig, und sagte mir gleich, er wolle dafür sorgen, daß ich echte Zigeuner hören und richtige Pußtaleute mit echten Gulyas (Gulasch), welches sie im freien Felde in großen Kesseln kochten, kennenlernen sollte. Wir fuhren also getrost mit ihm ab — und er hielt genau ein, was er versprochen hatte. Jeden Tag fuhren wir etwa um 6 Uhr fort — kamen gegen Mittag an ein einfaches Gast- oder Bauernhaus, wo ein zwar einfaches, aber schmackhaftes Mahl uns erwartete

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und gegen Abend trafen wir zur Nachtruhe ebenfalls in einem Dorfe ein, wo wir meistens anständige Betten fanden. Wenn man bedenkt, daß wir zwei omnibusähnliche Wagen voll Menschen waren — also etwa 18-20 — so muß man das Arrangement bewundern. Es war alles akkurat, pünktlich und ganz besonders reinlich — was in Ungarn nicht immer zu finden ist. Eines Abends, es war ein Sonntag, kamen wir in ein Gasthaus, von wo uns Musik entgegenschallte. Die Wirtsstube war dunkel von Rauch und eine Menge schwarzbärtiger Gesellen befanden sich drin — rauchend, trinkend, singend. Wir mußten essen und setzten uns in die Stube. Zigeuner standen und saßen auf einem grossen Faß und spielten. Toll klangen die Melodien von den harten Geigen! Der Zimbelist spielte ganz ausgezeichnet — und als er merkte, daß sein Spiel mich interessierte, fing er an, ganz besonders schön zu phantasieren. Es waren außer Mutter und mir nur die Wirtin, ein Dienstmädel und eine Frau, die mit 2 Kindern unsere Reisegefährtin war. Die Männer wollten tanzen — und als die Wirtin und das Mädel bedienen mußten, war niemand da asl — ich! Erst kam einer ganz schüchtern und respektvoll und bat, ob „gnädiges Freilein“ nicht einen Czardas mittanzen möchte. Mutter winkte gleich, ich möge „ja“ sagen — und

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so flog ich denn hin, und dem ersten Tanz folgten viele. Mir war es anfänglich wohl etwas bange und ich glaube, auch der lieben Mutter; aber diese Männer und Burschen, die gewiß noch mit keinem „Fräulein“ getanzt hatten, benahmen sich trotz der Wildheit des Tanzes wie Kavaliere und führten mich immer wieder mit fürstlichem Anstande zur Mutter zurück. Es war eine Nacht, wie ich eine zweite nie mehr erlebte! Nah und fern kein Haus — nur die weite Pußta — wir Frauen unter wilden, fremden Pußtasöhnen — die wilde Musik — und draußen der Mondschein und die ruhe der Einsamkeit. Mir 15jährigem Mädel wurde das Herz weit —, ich schlich mich hinaus und fing an zu singen — wohl eine Phantasie über die eben erklungenen Zimberltöne?! Plötzlich neben mir ein Eljenrufen. Die Leute waren herausgekommen, ohne daß ich sie gehört hatte — brachen auf ihre Weise in Beifall aus und trugen mich im Triumph wieder in die Gaststube. — Anderen Tages fuhren wir wohl etwas später fort, und alles war ruhig — die wilden Jungens wie ein Traum verschwunden! Ich frug unseren Fuhrherrn, wohin wohl alle die Leute gegangen seien. „Ja, wer Weiß das! Sagte er; die armen Kerls finden sich ja meistens nur so verstohlen zusammen. Sie wissen ja, wie es bei uns zugeht. Viele

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von den Burschen sind ehrliche Czikos — aber mancher ist wohl noch andres. Standrecht ist in jedem Dorfe und der Gespan darf wohl so manch einen „niederbrennen“, wenn er ihn findet. Es sind arme Kerls, die das Tageslicht besser vermeiden!“ Wir waren doch etwas sehr erschreckt als wir dachten, daß die Hand, in welcher meine beim Tanzen geruht, vielleicht von Menschenblut befleckt war! Aber — damals in Ungarn wurde, wenn der Gutsherr strenge war, ja auch ein Gansdiebstahl mit dem Tode bestraft!! Freilich blieb dem nicht erwischten und entflohenem Gansdieb nichts andres übrig, als Räuber zu werden!

            Wir fuhren 9 Tage, bis wir abends endlich nach Hermannstadt kamen. Unser Weg führte uns sofort ins Theater — wo noch gespielt wurde — um nach unserer vorgemieteten Wohnung zu fragen. Man gab den „Fiesco“ und die Julie stellte sich sofort als Frau Direktor Kreibig vor. Sie nahm mich sehr liebenswürdig auf, sagte, sie wisse schon, ich sei noch sehr jung, machte aber meine Sache sehr gut und man sei sehr gespannt, mich zu hören. — Ich hatte viele Partien, welche ich zu singen hoffte, vorstudiert — aber natürlich die nicht, in welcher ich auftreten mußte: Die Leonore in „Stradella“. Aber 4 Tage hatte ich Zeit. Eine andere Oper konnte man wegen des Per-

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sonalwechsels nicht sofort geben! Ich hatte gerade diese Oper nicht gehört! Anderntags hatte ich Probe. Der Kapellmeister war sehr wenig nett — aber ziemlich tüchtig. Ich war mit meiner Partie wirklich fertig geworden und hatte Erfolg. Der Direktor war in Wien und kam erst später zurück. Meine 2te Partie war nun die „Zigeunerin“ selbst. In Troppau sang ich die Nebenpartie — lernte also die Hauptpartie mit und war ganz sicher und vergnügt, und gefiel auch in dieser Partie ganz ungeheuer. Ich hatte in der Woche etwa zweimal zu singen — übernahm ebenfalls Schau — und Operettenpartien, um recht gewandt zu werden. Es kommt mir jetzt ganz komisch vor, daß ich zu meinem Benefiz „Figaros Hochzeit“ wählte und die Susanne sang. Meine Stimme war so sehr hoch und leicht, daß ich am liebsten hohe Koloraturpartien sang. Pamina in der Zauberflöte sang ich. Mirrha im „Unterbrochenen Operfest“ von Winter — und alle hohen soubrettenpartien. Liebe Menschen fanden wir in Hermannstadt, welche Mutter treu zur Seite standen.  — Wir wohnten und lebten sehr einfach und suchten mit dem auszukommen, was ich verdiente, aber die Anschaffung der nötigen Theatergarderobe legte uns manche harte Entbehrung auf. Ich lernte damals heimlich schneidern, um mir meine

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Sachen leichter selbst zu machen. Aber freilich, meine Kollegen und das Publikum durften dies nicht erfahren. — Es kamen Agenten aus Bukarest, welche Mutter überreden wollten, mich nach B. ans Theater zu geben — aber Mutter wollte davon nichts wissen. Man schrieb mir anonyme Briefe, welche mir goldene Berge versprachen, wenn ich von Mutter fortgehen und nach Bukarest reisen wollte. Ich gab diese, wie jeden Brief, den ich erhielt, an Mutter. Mehrere Monate ging dann alles gut und wir hofften, mehrere Jahre in Hermannstadt bleiben, die Schwester nachkommen zu lassen und durch Sparsamkeit endlich pekuniär etwas vorwärts zu kommen — as uns ein harter Schlag traf: Eines schönen Morgens war der Direktor verschwunden. Die Geschäfte gingen nicht so glänzend — er hatte eine große Familie — genug, er verschwand und ließ uns alle, ohne die letzten Monatsgagen bezahlt zu haben, in Hermannstadt sitzen — die meisten und auch uns in tiefstem Elend. Es war wohl hart! Es war Ende Juli. Die Theater fangen erst Ende September an — was also tun? Wovon drei Monate lang leben? Man bekommt Gage ja erst am 1. November! In H. bleiben oder suchen, herauszukommen? Wir waren ratlos. Der Schreck machte mich elend und ich bekam heftiges Fieber. Armes Mutterl war wieder in neuen Jammer

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gestürtzt. Ich erholte mich wohl rasch wieder — aber wir waren so unglücklich, daß wir das Schlimmste hätten tun können. Freilich — an Bukarest dachten wir nicht! Ein Wiener Agent schickte mir allerdings Kontrakt nach Ansbach in Bayern. Das Theater hatte keinen Ruf, die Gage klein, die Reise weit. Wir drangen darauf, daß ich wenigstens eine Reisevergütung erhielt, worauf der Direktor endlich einging! Aber was tun bis dahin? Mit einem Manne, dessen Namen ich nicht mehr erinnere und der immer als Affe auftrat — es wurden für ihn Stücke zurecht gemacht, worin die Hauptrolle eine Affe hatte — hatte unser Direktor abgeschlossen. Der Mann wuśte nichts von dem Zusammenbruch des Theaters und kam nach Hermannstadt. Ein Hoffnungsblick! Ein paar Kollegen bestimmten den Affen-Herrn, mit uns die Vorstellungen zu geben. Er tat es und wir spielten mehrere Wochen. Jeder mußte die Rolle spielen, die der Herr ihm zuwies. Ich spielte viele kleine — aber auch eine wichtige Rolle — einen Taubstummen, welcher als Kind durch einen Schrecken die Sprache verloren hatte — bis zu seinen Jünglingsjahren mit dem Affen herumirrte und endlich durch eine große Erschütterung, indem er seine Eltern, sein Vaterhaus wieder erbilckt, die Sprache wieder zurück ge-

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winnt. Das Studium dieser Rolle war mir so interessant, daß unsere traurige Lage ganz in den Hintergrund trat! — es gelang mir auch, den Affenmenschen so für mich einzunehmen, daß er mich für diese und ähnliche Rollen mitnehmen wollte. Das ging ja nun wegen meines Ansbacher Kontraktes — Gott sei Dank! — nicht! Was Mutter damals machte, woher sie Geld nahm, um mit mir im September nach Wien zu fahren, weiß ich nicht mehr. Ich erinnere nur, daß sie sagte, wie hätte müssen große Zinsen versprechen und daß wir tief verschuldet seien. Wir fuhren also nach denn wenigen Monaten nach Wien ab und zwar mit der Post, welche Tag und Nacht fuhr, aber in 5 Tagen in Pest sein sollte. Man war in anderer Stimmung als auf der Hinfahrt. Der Postwagen, schwer beladen, schlich über die Pußta. Der Kondukteur und Kutscher waren mit Pistolen bewaffnet — wohl aus Furcht, einem meiner Tänzer zu begegnen. Man hatte Abenteuer — aber höchst unpoetische. Es handelte sich hauptsächlich darum, ob der Kuntscher mehr oder weniger betrunken sei. Manchmal fuhr der Kutscher fort, wenn die ganze Gesellschaft noch im Gasthause zu Nacht aß, und man mußte ihm nachlaufen. Der Kondukteur prügelte dann den Kutscher und manchmal schlug dieser wieder. Das war alles nicht angenehm.

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Zwei Nächte, bevor wir nach Pest kommen sollten — gegen Mitternacht fuhr unser Wagen auf weglosen Pfade plötzlich einen Hügel hinauf — schwankte etwas hin und her und stürzte eine Böschung hinab. Eine Frau mit kleinen Kindern war auch da bei uns. Der erste Wagen war weit vorne und fuhr auch vergnügt von dannen — und wir lagen da und ich wußte nicht, wie hoch und herauskommen. Mutter war so merkwürdig still, aber die Frau schrie mit den Kindern um die Wette. Endlich kam der Kondukteur angehinkt, brachte eine Laterne und half mir und den anderen heraus — aber Mutterl lag zu unterst, war blutüberströmt und ohnmächtig. Es dauerte lange bis sie zu sich kam. Der Wagen wurde aufgerichtet, Koffer abgeschnürt und wir langsam ins letzte Posthaus zurückgeführt. Bis der Postmeister herausgetrommelt wurde dünkte mich eine Ewigkeit. Mutter floß beständig das Blut über das Gesicht und ich durfte sie nicht anfassen, denn sie hatte Fensterglassplitter im Kopf — wie ich mit der leise tastenden Hand endlic bemerkte. Im Posthause wurde sie sogleich zu Bette gebracht und der Postmeister, wohl gewöhnt an solche Ereignisse, zog die großen Splitter selbst heraus und sagte mir, daß ich — sofort wenn es Tag sei — die Haare an der Seite abschneiden und noch et-

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waige Glassplitter besietingen müsse. Dann ging er, und ich durchlebte wohl eine traurige Nacht! Die Sorge um die liebe Einzige — welche mir zu Liebe diese furchtbare Reise, die großen Entbehrungen sich auferlegte nun so leiden zu sehen. Mutter bekam immer wieder Ohnmachtsanwandlungen und ich im fremden Hause allein mit ihr! In jener Nacht gelobte ich mir, alles was in mir lebte, alle Liiebe und Sorge ihr zu widmen und nicht zu wanken und zu weichen, bis ich ihr vergolten habe. Sie sollte mit Stolz sagen: Dies ist mein Kind und ich habe durch meine Treue sie zu dem gemacht, was sie geworden ist! Was sind gute Vorsätze und wie selten haben wir die Macht, sie auszuführen. Mein armes Mutterl hat noch schwere Zeiten erleben müssen — und ich konnte ihr ihre Treue nicht vergelten! Wie tausendmal habe ich später, als ihr Grabhügel längst über ihr geschlossen war, gewünscht, sie nur noch einmal auf einen Augenblick zu haben, um ihr vergelten zu können, und ach! wie oft habe ich mich gesehnt, an diese treue Brust mich zu lehnen und auszuweinen und Trost zu suchen und auch zu finden, denn so ein Mutterherz ist ein heiliger Platz, welcher wohl Wunden heilen kann und Trost spenden, wenn man zu verzweifeln meint. Möge keiner leichtsinnig diesen Platz verscherzen!

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Den anderen Morgen sah alles allerdings etwas besser aus. — Mutter war wohl verletzt, aber nur äußerlich am Kopfe, und vom Schreck schwach, aber nur ein paar Tage Ruhe, so hofften wir, würden sie wieder herstellen. So kam es auch und — nachdem wir freilich noch 8 Tage in dem kleinen Dorfe bleiben mußten — brachte uns der Postmeister selbst nach Pest zur Bahn. Mir war beim Sturze weiter nichts passiert als daß ich eine dicke blaue Nase einige Tage mit mir herumschleppen mußte. Meine Schwester erwarteten wir in Wien, da sie mit uns nach Ansbach sollte, und schrieben noch während unseres unfreiwilligen Aufenthaltes in Ungarn nach Ansbach, daß ich — wegen eines Unfalles — später eintreffen würde. Man denke sich aber unseren Schrecken als wir, endlich in Wien ankommen, die Nachricht vorfanden, daß mein Kontrakt gelöst sei, da ich nicht rechtzeitig eingetroffen wäre. Also wieder neue Sorgen! Da faßte sich Mutter ein Herz und ging zu dem damals hochberühmten Kammersänger Alois Ander, welcher im Zenit seines Ruhmes stand. Er hörte Mutter wirklich und verlangte, daß sie mich sofort bringe, damit ich ihm vorsingen könne. Mutterl holte mich — er lachte mir freundlich ins Gesicht und sagte: „Ha, jung genug sind Sie, und wenn die Stimme halb so schön wie — aber ein

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so junges Mädel darf man nicht eitel machen. Legen’s also los.“ Er fing an, die Pagen-Arie aus Figaro zu spielen und nachdem ich vier Takte gesungen hatte, sagte er: Kommen Sie nur gleich mit zum Direktor Cornet, und wenn er Sie noch so anschreit, so fürchten Sie sich nur nicht! Er ist ein heftiger Tiroler und schreit immer gleich — meint’s aber nicht so schlimm! Wenn ich gewußt hätte, daß der heftige Tiroler später mir so weh tun würde, wäre ich wohl nicht mit Ander gegangen! Er brachte mich ins Kärntnertortheater und mit Bangen trat ich in den großen Probesaal. Eine bange halbe Stunde verrann, bis endlich der gefürchtete Direktor mit mehreren Herren eintrat. Ein kleines Männchen, unschön und halb verwachsen, aber ein paar glühende schwarze Augen im Kopfe, und mit machtvoller Stimme verlangte er die Susannen-Arie. Kapellmeister Esser war mit ihm und begleitete. „Na, die Stimme ist gut — aber gelernt haben’s noch nicht viel. Musikalisch aber sind’s, das hört man.“ „Und jung genug zum lernen, wenn man mir Gelegenheit dazu gibt“, rutschte es mir zum Mund heraus. „Ja, Schneeweiß heißen’s und naseweiß sind’s! — Ich engagiere Sie auf 3 Monate zur Probe mit 30 fl. Gehalt. Täglich müssen Sie ins Theater kommen, um hier eine Partie zu studieren, die Sie noch

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nicht gesungen haben, 8 Tage gebe ich Ihnen Zeit dazu — dann studieren Sie mit dem Regisseur und ich lasse Sie drin auftreten, davon hängt dann ab, ob Sie für länger engagiert werden.“

            Na, ich war froh, und Mutterl und ich gingen in unser Gasthaus, wo Minna auf Nachrichten sehnlichst wartete. Wir waren so selig! Wien! Kärntnertortheater! Man muß nur bedenken, wie hochstehend einer kleinen Sängerin dies berühmte alte K.K. Hoftheater vorkam. Das riesige, für damalige Verhältnisse glänzende Haus! Der Probesaal allein war größer — so schien es mir — als das ganze Hermannstädter Theater. Wir suchten also eine kleine Wohnung — fanden auch eine im 4ten Stockwerke einer Gasse nahe dem Theater und kamen uns ganz furchtbar vornehm vor, wenn wir an das ärmliche Zimmerchen in Hermannstadt dachten! Anderntags ging ich zum Studium der „neuenn Partie“ ins Theater. Ein gräßliches, kleines, dickes, feistes Geschöpf kam mit mir studieren. Es sa mich sehr von oben herab an: „Na, musikalisch sind wir wohhl nicht; kenne das, wird wohl wieder mühevoll sein!“ Endlich erfuhr ich, daß ich die Fatime im Oberon studieren sollte. Eine kleine aber nicht leichte Partie, da sie viel zu sprechen hat und man in Wien die große Lachszene machte, welche eine gewandte Dar-

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stellerin verlangt. Zuletzt hatte Fräulein Wildauer die Partie gesungen, eine vorzügliche Sängerin, welche auch am Burgtheater engagiert war. Mein Korrepetitor erzählte mir — zu meiner Aufmunterung — dies alles, bevor wir begannen. Ich las gut vom Blatt, was er mit süßsaurer Miene zugestand. — Noch zwei Tage ging ich in die Probe. Da kam plötzlich Direktor Cornet herein und verlangte, ich solle das erste Duett mit ihm spielen — er wolle die Rezia markieren. Der Korrepetitor geriet außer sich: „Wir haben es kaum zweimal durchgesungen, Sie verderben mir alles!“ „Unsinn“ sagte Cornet, „bilden Sie dem Mädel nit ein, daß es schwer ist! Wollen Sie es singen?“ Ich sang es sofort auswendig, denn ich war zu Hause fleißig gewesen. Nun aber ging Cornet los — sang und spielte famos und machte mir jeden Schritt, jede Bewegung vor. „In zwei Tagen gehen wir auf’s Theater und da will ich Ihnen zeigen, wie so ‚ne Partie gespielt wird.“ Und so war es auch. Bevor die 8 Tage vorüber waren, konnte ich die ganze Partie so spielen, sprechen, lachen und singen, wie Cornet es wollte. Die Aufführung kam heran und ich machte meine Sache gut!

 

Joachim at the Società del Quartetto (Milan, 1880)

Gazzetta Musicale di Milano,  XXXV, January 18, 1880
[English translation (c) Robert W. Eshbach, 2025] 


JOACHIM
AT THE SOCIETÀ DEL QUARTETTO

            Last Tuesday, a crowd of friends and admirers accompanied the prince of modern violinists to the Central Station, where he was heading to Venice, and disappeared like a bright meteor after having dazzled our minds, in his all-too-brief stay among us, with the vivid brilliance of his genius. It was not only a feeling of admiration and gratitude for the noble emotions he had provided that prompted such a demonstration, but above all the sympathy earned by one who combines the eminent qualities of the artist with the most exquisite traits of courtesy and modesty. Deeply moved, he shook everyone’s hand, promising to return soon: quod est in votis! [which is what we wish for!]

            For several years, the management of the Società del Quartetto had made efforts to have him at its concerts, but his very serious commitments had never allowed him to accept the invitation. Joachim is a professor at the Berlin Conservatory and gives 12 lessons a week to about 250 students at the Hochschule. Among these, there is one who gives the highest hopes and to whom he predicts a splendid future—an Italian: a Melani from Naples. Although this was the first time he played in Italy, he had already visited our country before and had even decided to spend the winter of 1862–63 here, when this plan changed after meeting Mrs. Amalia Weiss, a contralto, then the prima donna at the Opera Theater in Hanover, where Joachim conducted the Royal Concerts. He married her in 1863 and they had many children. Mrs. Joachim is an excellent artist who has a great reputation especially in the oratorio genre.

            Joseph Joachim was born in Kittsee, Hungary, in 1831. He received his first musical instruction at the age of 5 from an excellent musician, the concertmaster of the opera in Pest: the Pole Szewacinsky [recte: Stanisław Serwaczyński (1791–1859)], who especially trained his left hand. His vocation was decided by the fact that, as a boy, upon hearing his sister taking singing lessons, he expressed the desire to accompany her. For this, he was given a violin, on which he soon learned to play simple melodies, so he was immediately given the best teacher.

            The first time he performed in public he was seven years old, playing with his teacher a Concertante for two violins by Eck, and Variations by Pegatsche [recte: Franz Xaver Pecháček (1793–1840)]. — A curious judgment was pronounced about him which I wish to relate: his right hand, in terms of bow handling, had been so neglected in favor of the left, that Prof. Hellmesberger, father of the current director of the Vienna Conservatory, alarmed, declared that he would never be able to overcome this defect! As you see, he was neither a prophet nor the son of a prophet. However, Joachim’s relatives, on Ernst’s advice, entrusted him to Professor Böhm, a pupil of Rode, in whose home he lived until the age of 12 and received private instruction while also attending the Vienna Conservatory. It is known that he then studied under David in Leipzig, and David, mentioning the students who had brought him honor, liked to recall a famous concert also mentioned by Fétis, in which the fourteen-year-old Joachim, with our Bazzini, Ernst, and David himself, drew applause from the audience. I thought it interesting for readers to gather these notes, which they will not find in Fétis or other biographical dictionaries.

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            I had never heard Joachim before, and after Wilhelmi [August Wilhelmj (1845–1908)] it seemed to me that nothing more could be achieved. And yet!… and so it is that our taste is constantly refined, that our desires grow in direct proportion to the satisfactions we have experienced, the aspirations fulfilled, the needs already met, and in the end we realize the truth of the saying: ars longa, vita brevis [art is long, life is short]. At first, I tried to draw a comparison between Wilhelmi and Joachim; but aside from the difficulty, I realized the futility of such a task:—however, I think I can define my impression by comparing the first to primitive man, to man-in-nature where everything is still spontaneity and untamed fire, where instinct predominates and the senses are at their keenest, where physical development is at its peak:—the other is the product of civilization, the refined man, in whom education has corrected nature’s exuberance and the mind has tempered the force and impulse of sensations, in whom reason and heart have ennobled the passions:—if my reader were a sportsman, I would say: one is the Arabian horse with flaring nostrils and fiery eyes, the other the English thoroughbred who has preserved the qualities of the desert’s son, enhanced by the fruits of wise breeding.

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            The three concerts given by Joachim for the Società del Quartetto were a true revelation for me, and I am pleased to note that they were so also for that attentive audience, which year after year is educating itself to the most exquisite manifestations of serious art. The programs, compiled with perfect measure, allowed us to appreciate every aspect of that extraordinary performer and at the same time satisfied the demands of the strictest purism. Joachim does not claim the title of composer, although the andante of his Hungarian Concerto has demonstrated his talent: of this rare, almost unique, reserve in speaking of himself through his violin (a reserve almost unique among artists), he gave proof worthy of honor by not filling the programs with his own compositions, instead teaching us to venerate, through him, the greatest masters. Beethoven and Bach are Joachim’s two idols; I believe that in saying this I have praised his artistic soul; the interpretation he has achieved shows the loving devotion with which he surrounds them;—and now let us enter directly into the vast field of his qualities.

            Joachim is above all and especially a performer of style such as no other; he has a reputation for being unrivaled in uncovering the hidden treasures of Bach, in perfectly grasping all his intentions and rendering them so that they appear as clear as they were in the mind of that boundless genius. I will never forget what I felt hearing the Suite in E major (prelude, minuet, gavotte) at the second concert, and that Sarabande which he chose to play at the third concert after repeated requests for an encore of the Chaconne. Joachim marvelously captures that lofty style, that marked originality, that boldness of harmony, those miracles of contrapuntal mastery that seal Bach’s works: he reveals, one by one, the resources with which the great composer came to the aid of ungrateful and sometimes rather baroque themes. He makes intelligible that development of highly complex parts which would otherwise appear only as a labyrinth. — At the home of Consul Struth, where I spent a memorable evening with Joachim, Bazzini, Sessa, and Arrigo Boito, he gave proof at the same time of his prodigious memory, the long study, and the great love with which he has delved into that composer.

            The Chaconne he played at the last concert, a splendid piece taken from the Second Sonata for violin, with those admirable variations that are at once spontaneous and unexpected, would alone suffice to demonstrate Joachim’s superiority over Wilhelmi, a superiority evident even from those statements of the theme which Wilhelmi attacked with a bit too much roughness. — Joachim is supreme in his sense of rhythm, and this is one of the qualities that make him a delightful interpreter, considering how much it sometimes takes to distinguish one part from another.

            He is always restrained; he is the true nobleman who knows that his wealth stands out through nobility and solidity of bearing, not through the flashy garments of a charlatan. Some small precious touches that I sometimes concede to his insatiable need to be more perfect than perfection itself do not undermine what I say; all his effects come from a proper balance. He never sacrifices to triviality or to that false idea of passion which the common crowd believes is achieved, for example, by dragging out a cadence with its resolution suspended, or by mumbling phrases and turning every leap into a chromatic scale. All violinists of some renown play Mendelssohn’s Concerto, but how many play it like Joachim? The Concerto is a classic; it is not a powerful conception like those of Beethoven, but it has a rightness of form, an elegance, a delicacy, an attention to detail that is found only in good models. The same cannot be said of Spohr’s, which is not a spontaneous creation; it lacks the vital breath and often falls into the most disagreeable mannerism. Joachim has perfect intonation. He is an exquisite colorist; he plays with passion, has notes of infinite sweetness, and when he laments, his violin has heartrending accents; his pianissimos are like the murmurs of a distant brook; his outbursts make you think of an entire orchestra; he has a variety of sounds, now resembling the viola, now the clarinet; his pizzicatos are those of a harp. He played that divine andante from Beethoven’s Quartet in C major (Op. 59) in a way that made one fall in love; he also performed a beautiful Romance in F by Beethoven, which, if I am not mistaken, was written with orchestral accompaniment. And here, I find it fitting to lament that the season did not allow the Society to have an orchestra, which would have better supported even the magnificent Concerto in G minor by Max Bruch.

            Joachim also has the right intuition for the style of different composers, even when, rather than a marked style, it is the result of complex and not well-defined tendencies. This is evidenced by his performance of the Sonata in A minor and especially the Fantasia (Op. 121) by Schumann, bristling with difficulties and abstruseness. Schumann was for a long time little appreciated, and even now, although his supporters have greatly increased, the general public, even in his own country, still greets him rather coldly. He wants to express everything through his music, everything that stirs within him, and sometimes he is not very clear, either because he does not have time to clarify his sensations, or because his impressions are indefinable, or even because he lacks the technical musical knowledge which he came to grips with only at a rather advanced age. Nevertheless, one feels in him to the highest degree that German idealism which our public finds hard to appreciate, and which led them to value little even the Novellettes, a type of period composition, in which there are indeed sentimental and truly charming ingenuous things, and which were among the best interpretations of the pianist Bonawitz.

            Of Joachim as a virtuoso in the sense of overcoming difficulty, everything can be said in a word: he knows none. Leaps, arpeggios, dizzying scales, trills of phenomenal purity and fluidity, double and triple stops, etc., etc., are child’s play to him. Consider the Sonata by Tartini, a stupendous composition which the author considered his best, known as the Devil’s Sonata, because he wrote it after awakening from a dream in which Mephistopheles appeared to him with a violin in hand. Since Paganini, an old friend told me, no one has played it like that!

            Among the old violin schools, Joachim considers the best to be the one formed by Viotti, Rode, Kreutzer, and Baillot. Paganini, the greatest genius of this instrument and one of the most phenomenal, diabolical artistic natures, was too subjective to form a school. His imitators have mostly taken from him what amazes the masses and sometimes even flatters their weaker tendencies. The true, immortal, and unsurpassable Paganini, says Joachim, is revealed in his compositions, in the stupendous 24 Caprices.

            Joachim is not an exclusivist; as a true artist, he accepts and cultivates the beauty of all schools. Among the moderns, he has a favorite, and that is Brahms, whom he considers the greatest symphonist. He attended a popular concert performance of that composer’s Second Symphony and expressed his admiration in the highest terms. I regret not being able to fully share it, as I recently wrote here, and not being able to join the opinion of the famous critic Hanslick, who calls Brahms’s symphonies the Tenth and Eleventh Symphony!

            I asked Joachim what he thought of the music of the future, and he replied: “I do not know the music of the future. The music of the future is our greatest masters.” He believes that Wagner, with his most original spirit, has said good things about opera and has done even better in his own works, and that in this sense he may remain of real influence;—however, much in his works appeals little to him; nevertheless, he added, one must not confuse him with the crowd of those who, under the cloak of a great name, go hunting for a semblance of originality, with piquantly piled-up phrases and a perfect ignorance of the laws established by the great masters.

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            Before closing this note, in which I have tried to outline this giant figure, I must offer sincere words of praise to Mr. Bonawitz, who has perhaps remained a bit in the shadow of the colossus, but is worthy to stand at his side as a perfect accompanist who intuits and supports his intentions—and he also gave some excellent interpretations of his own. I also wish to praise without reservation Messrs. De-Angelis, Cernicchiaro, and Mattioli, who, in Haydn’s Quartet in D major (Op. 64) and in the aforementioned Beethoven quartet, formed a fine ensemble around Joachim; they had the good fortune to be praised and thanked by him personally. That should suffice!

Il Misovulgo.


JOACHIM
ALLA SOCIETÀ DEL QUARTETTO

            Martedì scorso uno stuolo di amici ed estimatori accompagnava alla stazione Centrale il principe dei violinisti moderni, recantesi a Venezia, il quale spariva, meteora luminosa, dopo aver, nel troppo breve suo soggiorno fra noi, abbagliato le nostre menti collo splendore vivissimo del suo genio. Non era solo un sentimento di ammirazione e di riconoscenza per chi ei aveva procurato le più nobili emozioni che a tale dimostrazione ei spingeva, ma anche e soprattutto la simpatia che seppe acquistarsi chi accoppia alle qualità eminenti dell’artista e più squisite doti di cortesia e di modestia. Profondamente commosso egli stringeva la mano a tutti promettendo di ritornare fra breve: quod est in votis!

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            Da varî anni la Direzione del Quartetto aveva fatto pratiche per averlo ai suoi concerti, se nonchè le gravissime sue occupazioni non gli avevano concesso mai di arrendersi all’invito. Joachim è professore al Conservatorio di Berlino e dà 12 lezioni alla settimana a circa 250 allievi della Hochschule. Fra questi ve n’ha uno che dà le più belle speranze di sè ed al quale egli crede serbato uno splendido avvenire, ed è un italiano: un Melani di Napoli. Sebbene questa sia la prima volta che ha suonato in Italia, già prima d’ora aveva visitato il nostro paese, ed anzi aveva deciso di passarvi l’inverno 1862 63, allorquando venne a mutare questo progetto la conoscenza ch’egli fece della signora Amalia Veis, contralto, allora prima donna al teatro dell’Opera di Hannover, ove Joachim dirigeva i Regi Concerti. Egli la sposò nel 1863 e n’ebbe molti figli. La signora Joachim è un’egregia artista che ha una grande reputazione specialmente pel genere oratorî.

            Giuseppe Joachim è nato a Kjtse, in Ungheria, nel 1831. Ebbe la prima istruzione musicale all’età di 5 anni da un ottimo musicista, maestro concertatore dell’opera in Pest: il polacco Szewacinsky, il quale formò specialmente la sua mano sinistra. La sua vocazione fu decisa dal fatto che udendo da ragazzetto sua sorella che prendeva lezioni di canto, manifestò il desiderio di poterla accompagnare: per

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Cui gli venne regalato un violino sul quale in breve imparava a suonare piccole melodie talchè gli si diede tosto il miglior maestro.

            La prima volta ch’egli si produsse in pubblico aveva sette anni e suonava col suo maestro un Concertante per due violini di Eck, e Variazioni di Pegatsche. — Fu pronunciato un curioso giudizio su di lui che voglio riferire: la sua mano dritta riguardo al maneggio dell’arco era stata così trascurata a profitto della sinistra, che il prof. Hellmesberger, padre dell’attuale direttore del Conservatorio di Vienna, spaventato, dichiarò che mai avrebbe potuto superare questo difetto! Come vedete, non era profeta nè figlio di profeta. Però i parenti di Joachim lo affidarono, dietro consiglio di Ernst, al professore Böhm, uno scolare di Rode, nella casa del quale dimorò fino al 12.° anno ed ebbe insegnamento privato frequentando in pari tempo il Conservatorio di Vienna. È noto che studiò quindi sotto David a Lipsia, e questi citandomi gli allievi che gli avevan fatto onore, amava ricordare un famoso concerto di cui parla anche il Fétis, nel quale Joachim quattordicenne, col nostro Bazzini, Ernst e David stesso, strapparono gli applausi dal pubblico. M’è parso interessante per i lettori di raccogliere questi cenni che non troveranno nè sul Fétis nè su altri dizionari biografici.

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            Io non aveva mai udito Joachim, e dopo Wilhelmi mi pareva che non si potesse far di più. Eppure!… ed è così che continuamente ei andiamo raffinando il gusto, che i nostri desiderî crescono in ragione diretta delle soddisfazioni avule, delle aspirazioni realizzate, dei bisogni già contentati e ei accorgiamo in ultimo della verità dell’adagio: ars longa vita brevis. M’ero provato dapprima a far un parallelo fra Wilhelmi e Joachim; ma oltrechè della difficoltà, m’accorsi della sterilità di un simile lavoro: – sembrami però poter definire l’impressione mia risultante paragonando il primo all’uomo primitivo, all’uomo-natura in cui tutto è ancora spontaneità e fuoco indomato, in cui predominante è l’istinto e superlativo l’acuimento dei sensi, in cui lo sviluppo fisico è all’apogeo: – l’altro è il portato dell’incivilimento, l’uomo raffinato, nel quale l’educazione ha corretto l’esuberanza della natura e la mente ha temperato la foga e l’impeto delle sensazioni, nel quale la ragione ed il cuore hanno ingentilito le passioni: – se il mio lettore fosse un uomo di sport gli direi: l’uno è il cavallo arabo dalle nari fumanti, dall’occhio di fuoco, l’altro il puro sangue inglese che del figlio del deserto ha conservato le qualità accresciute dai frutti di un sapiente allevamento di razze.

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            I tre concerti dati da Joachim alla Società del Quartetto furono per me una vera rivelazione e mi compiaccio di notare che lo furono anche per quell’attento pubblico, il quale va d’anno in anno educandosi alle più squisite manifestazioni dell’arte severa. I programmi compilati con

perfetta misura erano tali da farci conoscere sotto tutti i lati quel portentoso esecutore ed in pari tempo soddisfacevano alle esigenze del più rigoroso purismo. Joachim non la pretende al titolo di compositore, sebbene l’andante del suo Concerto Ungherese ce ne abbia dimostrato la valentia: di questa sua ritrosia a parlare di sè col suo violino (ritrosia più che rara unica negli artisti) diede una prova che lo onora col non infarcire i programmi di sue composizioni, insegnandoci invece a venerare, per mezzo suo, i sommi.

            Beethoven e Bach sono i due idoli di Joachim; mi pare con ciò aver fatto l’elogio della sua anima d’artista; l’interpretazione che è arrivato a darne mostra l’amorevole culto di cui li circonda; – ed ora entriamo di botto nel vastissimo campo delle sue qualità.

            Joachim è prima di tutto e sovratutto un esecutore di stile come non ve n’ha altri; egli ha fama d’essere inarrivabile nello sminuzzare gli ascosi tesori di Bauli, nell’intuirne perfettamente tutte le intenzioni e renderle in modo che appaian chiare come erano chiare davanti alla mente di quel genio sconfinato. Non dimenticherò mai quel che ho provato udendo la Suite in mi maggiore (preludio, minuetto, gavotta) del secondo concerto, e quella Sarabanda che volle dare nel terzo concerto dopo che si chiedeva insistentemente il bis della Ciaccona. Joachim afferra in modo meraviglioso quello stile elevato, quella marcata originalità, quell’arditezza d’armonia, quei miracoli di sapienza contrappuntistica che suggellano le opere di Bach: egli mostra ad una ad una le risorse colle quali il grande compositore veniva in aiuto a temi ingrati e talvolta un po’ barocchi. Egli rende intelligibile quello sviluppo di parti complicatissime che altrimenti non appaiono che come un labirinto. — In casa del console Struth, ove passai con Joachim, Bazzini, Sessa e Arrigo Boito una memorabile serata, egli ei dava prova in pari tempo che della sua prodigiosa memoria, del lungo studio e del grande amore col quale ha sviscerato quell’autore.

            La Chaconne che suonò nell’ultimo concerto, splendido pezzo tolto dalla Seconda Sonata per violino, con quelle variazioni ammirabili che riescono insieme spontanee od inaspettate, basterebbe a dimostrare la superiorità di Joachim su Wilhelmi, superiorità palese fino da quelle affermazioni del tema che Wilhelmi attaccava con un po’ troppa ruvidezza. – Joachim è sovrano nel sentire il ritmo e questa è una delle qualità che ne fanno un interprete delizioso quando si pensa a quel che basta talvolta a distinguere una parte dall’altra.   

            È castigato sempre; è il vero gran signore il quale sa che la sua ricchezza risalta dalla nobiltà, dalla sodezza del portamento, non dalle vesti sfarzose da cerretano; qualche piccola preziosità che concedo talvolta al bisogno insaziabile di essere più perfetto della perfezione, non infirma il mio dire; i suoi effetti li cava tutti da un giusto equilibrio; non sagritìca mai alla trivialità nè a quella falsa idea del-l’appassionato che i volgari credono ottenuta, per esempio, smezzando una cadenza di cui tengono sospesa la risoluzione o biascicando frasi facendo d’ogni salto una scala cromatica. Tutti i violinisti di qualche grido, suonano il Concerto di Mendelssohn, ma quanti lo suonano come Joachim? Il Concerto è classico; non è una potente concezione come quelli di Beethoven, ma è di una giusta quadratura, di un’eleganza, di una delicatezza, di un’accuratezza di dettagli che non si riscontra che nei buoni modelli. Non si potrebbe dire altrettanto di quello di Spohr che non è una creazione di getto; vi manca il soffio vitale e spesso cade nel barocchismo più antipatico. Joachim è di una giustezza d’intonazione perfetta. È un coloritore squisito; canta con passione, ha note di una dolcezza infinita, e quando geme, il suo violino ha accenti strazianti; i suoi pianissimi sono mormori di un ruscello lontano; i suoi impeti ti fanno pensare ad un’orchestra intiera; ha una varietà di suoni, che ora arieggiano la viola ed ora il clarinetto; i suoi pizzicati sono quelli di un’arpa.

            Ha suonato quel divino andante del Quartetto in do maggiore (Op. 59) di Beethoven, in modo da innamorare; di Beethoven ei diè pure una bella Romanza in fa^ la quale, se non erro, fu scritta con accompagnamento d’orchestra. E qui, mi viene acconcio lamentare che la stagione non permettesse alla Società di disporre di un’orchestra, la quale avrebbe sostenuto meglio anche il bellissimo Concerto in sol minore di Max Bruch.

            Joachim ha inoltre la giusta intuizione dello stile dei diversi autori anche quando piuttosto che stile marcato è il risultato di tendenze complesse e non ben definite. Ne fa fede l’esecuzione della Sonata in la minore e sopratutto della Fantasia (Op. 121) di Schumann, irta di difficoltà e di astru-

19

serie. Schumann fu per lungo tempo poco apprezzato, ed ora ancora, sebbene i suoi partigiani si siano grandemente accresciuti, la grande generalità dei pubblici, anche del suo paese natio, gli fa viso poco benevolo. Egli vuol esprimer tutto colla sua musica, tutto quanto si agita in lui, e riesce talvolta poco chiaro, o perchè non ha il tempo di stenebrare le sue sensazioni, o perchè le sue impressioni sono indefinibili, od anche perchè gli fanno difetto le cognizioni tecniche musicali, delle quali tardò ad impratichirsi in età già avanzata. Del resto, si sente in lui in sommo grado l’idealismo tedesco a cui difficilmente s’accosta il nostro pubblico il quale apprezzò poco anche le Novellette, specie di composizione a periodo, in cui pure sonvi cose sentimentali e ingenue veramente graziose, e furono fra le migliori interpretazioni del pianista Bonawitz.

            Di Joachim virtuoso nel senso della difficoltà da superare, è detto tutto in una parola: non ne conosce. Salti, arpeggi, scale vorticose, trilli di una purezza e fluidità fenomenali, note doppie e triple, ecc., ecc., sono giuochi per lui. Informi la Sonata di Tartini, stupenda composizione che l’autore riputava la migliore fra le sue, conosciuta sotto il nome di Sonata del Diavolo, perchè la scrisse al destarsi da un sogno ove gli era apparso Mefistofele col violino in mano. Da Paganini in poi, mi diceva un vecchio amico, nessuno l’ha suonata così!

            Joachim fra le scuole di violino antiche, reputa la migliore quella formata da Viotti, Rode, Kreutzer e Baillot. Paganini, il più gran genio di questo strumento ed una delle più fenomenali diaboliche nature d’artista, era troppo soggettivo per poter formare una scuola. I suoi imitatori hanno per lo più preso da lui quello che desta stupore presso la gran massa e talvolta anche ne lusinga le deboli tendenze. Il vero, immortale e inarrivabile Paganini, dice Joachim, si manifesta nelle sue composizioni, negli stupendi 24 Capricci.

            Joachim non è esclusivista; da vero artista ammette e coltiva il bello di tutte le scuole. Fra i moderni, ha un beniamino, e questo è Brahms, ch’egli ritiene il più grande sinfonista. Egli assisteva, in un concerto popolare, all’esecuzione della Seconda Sinfonia di quel compositore, ed esprimeva altamente la sua ammirazione. Mi duole di non condividerla appieno come di recente qui stesso scrivevo, e di non associarmi all’opinione del celebre critico Hanslick, il quale chiama le Sinfonie di Brahms, la Decima e l’Undecima Sinfonia!

            Io ho chiesto a Joachim cosa pensasse della musica dell’avvenire, ed egli mi ha risposto: «Non conosco musica dell’avvenire. La musica dell’avvenire sono i nostri sommi maestri.» Egli crede che Wagner, dallo spirito originalissimo, abbia detto buone cose sull’opera e ne abbia fatto di migliori nelle sue opere e che in questo senso possa rimanere di reale influenza; – molto però nei lavori di lui gli riesce poco simpatico; tuttavia, soggiungeva, non bisogna confonderlo colla turba di quelli che sotto il manto di un gran nome, vanno a caccia di un sembiante d’originalità, con frasi piccantemente accatastate ed una perfetta ignoranza delle leggi stabilite dai grandi autori.

*
*     *

            Prima di chiuder questo cenno, nel quale mi son provato a delineare, questa gigantesca figura, bisogna che rivolga parole di lode sincera al signor Bonawitz, il quale appunto è rimasto un po’ nell’ombra del colosso, ma è degno di stargli al fianco come perfetto accompagnatore che indovina ed asseconda le intenzioni sue – e ei ha dato di suo alcune egregie interpretazioni. Voglio lodare anche senza restrizione i signori De-Angelis, Cernicchiaro e Mattioli, che nel Quartetto in re mag. (Op. 64) di Haydn e in quello di Beethoven già citato, fecero bella corona a Joachim; essi hanno avuto la fortuna di essere da questi stesso, encomiati e ringraziati. Può bastare!

Il Misovulgo.

 

Joachim in Italy (1880)

Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, 6 February 1880: 75.
[English translation below (c) Robert W. Eshbach, 2025]


Château Valrose, Nice

Joachim in Italien

            Deutsche Kunst fährt gegenwärtig fort, in Italien sich ungewöhnliche Sympathien zu erwerben, die sensationellsten Erfolge zu erringen. Jetzt war es Joseph Joachim, welcher in Oberitalien einem Triumphzug gleiche Siege feierte, was um so mehr sagen will, da der Italiener wohl die Gründlichkeit bei deutschen Virtuosen bereitwilligst schätzt und anerkennt, dagegen den künstlerischen Funken sehr häufig bei ihnen vermißt und nur zu gern für sich allein in Anspruch nimmt.

            J.‘s erstes Concert fand in Nizza statt, wo der reiche russische Baron v. Derwies sich unter Leitung des geistvollen Müller-Berghaus ein ausgezeichnetes Privatorchester hält. Als D. erfuhr, daß Joachim dort concertiren wolle, stellte er ihm sein Orchester und seinen prachtvollen Concertsaal kostenfrei zur Verfügung, eine Auszeichnung, welche bisher noch keinem Künstler widerfahren war. Andrang und Aufnahme waren so stürmisch und enthusiastisch, daß der Reinertrag des dortigen Concertes 5000 Frs. betrug.

            Am Glanzvollsten aber gestaltete sich Joachims Empfang in Mailand. „Kaum hatte der Großmeister aller Violinisten die ersten Tacte von Spohr’s ‚Gesangscene‘ gespielt, so brach ein Beifallsturm los, der sich während des ganzen Stückes, fast nach jedem achten Takte, wiederholte.“ Joachim selbst erklärte: einen ähnlichen Erfolg bisher nicht erlebt zu haben, und wer Joachims Erfolge in Deutschland, Paris, England etc. kennt, wird begreifen, was dieser Ausspruch bedeutet. Die dortigen Zeitungen überboten sich förmlich in ihrem Enthusiasmus über den „Unerreichbaren“ und massenhafte Einladungen langten täglich aus allen Theilen Italiens an, die aber J. nur zum kleinsten Theile zu berücksichtigen vermochte. Nach dem ersten Concert in Mailand wurde Joachim zum Ehrenmitgliede der mit Recht hochrenommirten Società del Quartetto ernannt, auf deren besondere Einladung J. nach Mailand gekommen war. Der als Fortschrittskämpfer bekannte freisinnige Filippi in Mailand, welcher sich u. a. um das Verständniß Wagner’s in Italien so große Verdienste erwerben, schildert in der Perseveranza den Eindruck folgendermaßen: „Der berühmte Violinmeister stellte sich uns vor in der Ueberfülle seines außerordentlichen Talentes, dem der Weltruf eines ernsten, gediegenen Künstlers ohne irgend welchen Schatten eitlen Flitters noch Scharlatanismus vorherging. Joachim, ein Ungar, geboren 1831, ist also nun fast ein halbes Jahrhundert alt, mit dem Außern ungefähr eines Vierzigers. Ein starker künstlerischer Kopf mit dunklem Bart und vollem Haar, kleinen lebhaften Augen und sehr sympathischem Ausdruck, seine Erscheinung groß und stattlich, athletische Schultern, die Hände fleischig aber nervig und die linke Hand von überraschender Biegsamkeit, hat Joachim eine ganz eigenthümliche Art, die Violine zu halten — wie Gesänge aus heiligen Hallen erklingen die Weisen auf seinem prachtvollen Stradivario. Der leichtbeschwingte Bogen wird mit einer Eleganz, einer Mäßigung geführt, wie ich nie gesehen. Die Finger der linken Hand berühren die Saiten so, daß sie sprechen, singen, seufzen in einer das Herz in Entzücken versetzenden Weise, und mit vollkommener Reinheit der Intonation. Schwierigkeiten existiren nicht für Joachim, doppelte und dreifache Noten, Sprünge, Triller, Scalen, wirbelnde Arpeggien, sich kreuzende Motive, alle transcendentalen Teufeleien, wie in der Schumann’schen Phantasie, erklingen alle in blühendster Weise oder steigen brausend empor auf der obersten Saite bis zu gewagtester Höhe. Aber alles Dies ist gar Nichts im Vergleich mit den Geistesschätzen, für die dieser vollendete Mechanismus nur der folgsamste Diener ist. Diese Schätze sind der Styl, die Farbe, aber speciell das vollendete rhythmische Gefühl, stetigstes Ebenmaaß; nicht die geringste Koketterie, kein Flecken von Manirirtheit trübt die erhabne Reinheit dieser Töne, dieser Phrasen. Die einzige lebende Künstler, der mit ihm verglichen werden könnte, ebenso geachtet und ihm nahekommend, ist ein Italiener, nämlich Piatti. Joachim, welcher speciell mit ihm gespielt hat, spricht nicht anders als mit aufrichtiger begeisterter Bewunderung von ihm. Ein anderer bedeutender italienischer Künstler, für welchen Joachim besondere Sympathien hat, ist unser Bazzini. Mit ihm begann Joachim seine glänzende Laufbahn in Leipzig; es war im Jahre 1843. Joachim war 12 Jahre alt, als er im Gewandhaus auftrat und mit Maurer’s Concert für 4 Violinen einen glänzenden Erfolg erzielte, welches er mit seinem Lehrer David, Ernst und Bazzini spielte. Von diesen Vieren sind zwei gestorben. Joachim aber steht heut in vollster Größe da, ein gefeierter Name, bestimmt, Epoche zu machen, wie einst Nardini, Viotti, Paganini. Ich habe Joachim nur 2 Mal gehört, zuerst in Paris 1866, und in diesen 14 Jahren ist er riesengroß geworden. Das erste Mal hörte ich ihn in intimem Kreise bei Szarvady, dem Gatten der berühmten Pianistin Clauß. Dort waren auch Piatti und Clara Schumann, welche großes Talent zur Sängerin hatte und uns viele Lieder von Schumann hören ließ, bewunderungswürdig ausgeführt. Drei Stunden lang spielten Joachim, Piatti und Frau Szarvady-Clauß ununterbrochen Sonaten, Trios und Solostücke von Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann und haupsächlich von Bach, Joachims Lieblingscomponisten. J. hatte damals dasselbe stille Aussehen, aber weniger jugendlich, wie heute nach 14 Jahren. Das zweite Mal hörte ich von ihm Mendelssohn’s Concert im Circus Pasdeloup inmitten von 5000 Menschen mit überraschend klangvoller Wirkung.“

            „Sein diesmaliges hiesiges Auftreten eröffnete J. mit Spohr’s abgeblaßter ‚Gesangscene‘, welche sich besonders im Adagio und Recitativ in solcher Wiedergabe wunderbar verjüngte. Hierauf spielte er Tartini’s Teufelssonate in einer Weise, daß, wäre ich Violinspieler, ich meine Violine mit meinen Füßen zertreten hätte. Wunderbar erklang nicht nur der phantastische schwere Theil bis zum letzten dämonischen Triller, sondern auch der erste süß melodische Theil, verschönt durch ausgesuchteste effectvolle melodiöseste Rococo-Tournüre. Hier zeigte sich noch kein ernstlich gemeinter Teufel, sondern hier sang vielmehr ein Engel aus dem Paradiese. In der Phantasie von Schumann, einer sehr schönen aber nicht leicht zu verstehenden Composition, bewunderte der intelligente Theil der Zuhörer, welcher ihre violinistische Schwierigkeit ahnte, die enorme Virtuosität, mit der Joachim sie besiegte, wie seine olympische Ruhe. Als Schlußnr. Spielte Joachim das sehr schöne und charakteristische Andante seines ungarischen Concertes, geschrieben in dem die Musik der Zigeuner wiedergebenden Styl, einem Styl von ganz eigenthümlichem Colorit und melodischen Wendungen. J. führte sie aus mit der ganzen ihm eigenen Nervosität, mit welcher er nachher ebenso bewunderungswürdig die ungarischen Tänze von Brahms durchglühte. Mit Violine machen sie doppelten, drei- und vierfachen Effect, aber es ist nöthig, daß sie eben ein Joachim spielt. Als das Publikum sie so hörte, vermochte es keinen Augenblick seinen Enthusiasmus zu unterdrücken, sondern brach fortwährend in Beifallsstürme aus.“

            Einen höchst ebenbürtigen Kunstgenossen hatte sich übrigens J. in Heinrich Bonawitz aus Wien beigesellt, dessen Name bisher noch unbekannt war, ein gediegener Pianist, reich an seltenen Eigenschaften, ein pietätvoller ausgezeichneter Darsteller, glücklicher Interpret von Chopin und Schumann. Chopin’s Bmollscherzo z. B. haben wir bisher noch nie in so vollendeter Weise von irgend einem Andern gehört, als von Bonawitz, von welchem Joachim entzückend begleitet wurde. Ja da sind wahre und ungetrübte Feste und Freuden der Kunst, welche ebenso viele dramatische und musikalische Foltern, ebenso viele choreographische Qualen aufwiegen, zu denen die arme Kritik unaufhörlich verdammt ist.

Filippi.“

            Mit ebenso enthusiastischer Emphase stempelten Franzioli und andere angesehene ital. Referenten das Erscheinen Joachims in Italien zu einem ungewöhnlichen Ereigniß in den Annalen ihrer Kunstgeschichte. Nie sei das dortige Publikum von einem deutschen Virtuosen so entzündet worden, sodaß nach dem letzten Concerte die Beifallsstürme, Hervorrufe und Zurufe „Auf Wiedersehn“ kein Ende nehmen wollten. —

[Heinrich Schmidt]


Concert hall, Château Valrose, Nice
[photos-hdr.com]

Joachim in Italy

            German art is currently gaining unusual sympathy in Italy and achieving sensational successes. Now it was Joseph Joachim who, in Northern Italy, celebrated triumphant victories — which is the more remarkable given that, while Italians readily appreciate and acknowledge the thoroughness of German virtuosos, they often find the artistic spark lacking in them that they are only too happy to claim for themselves.

            J.’s first concert took place in Nice, where the wealthy Russian Baron von Derwies[1] maintains an excellent private orchestra under the direction of the talented Müller-Berghaus. When D. learned that Joachim intended to perform there, he made his orchestra and magnificent concert hall available to him free of charge, an honor that no artist had received before. The attendance and reception were so stormy and enthusiastic that the net proceeds of the concert amounted to 5,000 francs.

            But the most brilliant reception was in Milan. “Hardly had the grandmaster of all violinists played the first bars of Spohr’s ‘Gesangscene’ when a storm of applause broke out, repeating almost every eighth bar throughout the entire piece.” Joachim himself declared that he had never experienced a similar success before, and anyone familiar with Joachim’s successes in Germany, Paris, England, etc., will understand what this statement means. The local newspapers outdid each other in their enthusiasm for the “Unsurpassable One,” and daily massive invitations arrived from all parts of Italy, which Joachim could only consider in the smallest part. After the first concert in Milan, Joachim was made an honorary member of the rightly highly reputed Società del Quartetto,[2] at whose special invitation Joachim had come to Milan.

            The liberal-minded Filippi in Milan, known as a fighter for progress and who earned great merits for promoting Wagner’s understanding in Italy, described the impression in the Perseveranza as follows:

“The famous violin master presented himself to us in the abundance of his extraordinary talent, preceded by the world reputation of a serious, solid artist without any shadow of vain glitter or charlatanism. Joachim, a Hungarian born in 1831, is now almost half a century old, appearing about forty. A strong artistic head with dark beard and full hair, small lively eyes, and a very sympathetic expression; his appearance is tall and stately, with athletic shoulders, fleshy but sinewy hands, and a left hand of surprising flexibility. Joachim has a very peculiar way of holding the violin — the melodies on his magnificent Stradivarius sound like songs from sacred halls. The gracefully floating bow is guided with an elegance and moderation I have never seen before. The fingers of the left hand touch the strings so that they speak, sing, sigh in a way that delights the heart, and with perfect purity of intonation. Difficulties do not exist for Joachim: double and triple stops, leaps, trills, scales, swirling arpeggios, crossing motifs, all transcendental devilries as in Schumann’s Fantasy, all sound in the most flourishing manner or roar up on the highest string to daring heights.

But all this is nothing compared to the treasures of spirit for which this perfect mechanism is only the most obedient servant. These treasures are style, color, but especially the perfect rhythmic feeling, constant evenness; not the slightest coquettishness, no trace of mannerism mars the sublime purity of these tones, these phrases. The only living artist who could be compared to him, equally respected and approaching him, is an Italian, namely Piatti. Joachim, who has played especially with him, only speaks of him with sincere enthusiastic admiration. Another important Italian artist for whom Joachim has special sympathies is our Bazzini. With him, Joachim began his brilliant career in Leipzig in 1843. Joachim was 12 years old when he appeared at the Gewandhaus and achieved a brilliant success with Maurer’s Concerto for four violins, which he played with his teacher David, Ernst, and Bazzini. Of these four, two have died. Joachim today stands in full greatness, a celebrated name destined to create an epoch, like Nardini, Viotti, and Paganini once did. I have heard Joachim only twice, first in Paris in 1866, and in these 14 years he has become a an artistic giant. The first time I heard him was in an intimate circle at Szarvady’s, the husband of the famous pianist Clauß. Piatti and Clara Schumann, who had great talent as a singer and let us hear many songs by Schumann, admirably performed, were also there. For three hours Joachim, Piatti, and Szarvady-Clauß played, without interruption, sonatas, trios, and solo pieces by Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann, and especially Bach, Joachim’s favorite composer. J. then had the same quiet appearance, but less youthful than today after 14 years. The second time I heard him was in Mendelssohn’s concerto at the Circus Pasdeloup amidst 5,000 people, with surprisingly resonant effect.”

“His current appearance here opened with Spohr’s now-faded ‘Gesangscene,’ which was wonderfully rejuvenated in this performance, especially in the adagio and recitative. He then played Tartini’s Devil’s Sonata in such a way that, if I were a violin player, I would have trampled my violin under my feet. Not only did the fantastic difficult part sound wonderfully up to the last demonic trill, but also the first sweet melodic part, beautified by the most exquisite, effective, melodious Rococo turns. Here, no seriously meant devil appeared; rather, an angel from paradise sang. In Schumann’s Fantasy, a very beautiful but not easy to understand composition, the intelligent part of the audience, which suspected its violinistic difficulty, admired the enormous virtuosity with which Joachim conquered it, as well as his Olympic calm. As a final number, Joachim played the very beautiful and characteristic Andante of his Hungarian concerto, written in the style representing the music of the Gypsies, a style of very peculiar color and melodic turns. J. performed it with all his own nervous energy, with which he later also admirably ignited Brahms’s Hungarian Dances. With the violin, they produce double, triple, and quadruple the effect, but it is necessary that it be played by a Joachim. When the audience heard them like this, it could not suppress its enthusiasm for a moment but repeatedly broke out in storms of applause.”

Incidentally, J. had a highly worthy artistic companion in Heinrich Bonawitz[3] from Vienna, whose name was previously unknown — a solid pianist rich in rare qualities, a respectfully excellent performer, and a fortunate interpreter of Chopin and Schumann. For example, we have never heard Chopin’s B-flat minor Scherzo in such a perfect manner from anyone else as from Bonawitz, who was delightfully accompanied by Joachim. Yes, there are true and unclouded festivals and joys of art, which outweigh as many dramatic and musical tortures, as many choreographic torments to which poor criticism is incessantly condemned.

— Filippi.”

… With equally enthusiastic emphasis, Franzioli and other respected Italian reviewers received Joachim’s appearance in Italy as an unusual event in the annals of their art history. Never had the local audience been so inflamed by a German virtuoso that after the last concert the storms of applause, calls, and shouts of “Goodbye” seemed never-ending.

— Z. [Heinrich Schmidt]


[1] Baron Paul von Derwies (also spelled Derwies, Derviz, or von der Wiese), was a prominent Russian railway magnate, entrepreneur, and patron of the arts in the 19th century. He was born in 1826 in Lebedjan, Russia, and died in 1881 in Bonn, Germany. Derwies amassed significant wealth through his leadership roles in several major Russian railway companies during the rapid expansion of the rail network in the Russian Empire. His success enabled him to acquire estates in Russia, Switzerland, and France. In 1867, he purchased land in Nice and commissioned the construction of the Château de Valrose, a neo-Gothic palace completed between 1867 and 1870. The château featured lavish interiors and a concert hall, where he regularly hosted concerts with notable musicians such as Joseph Joachim, Adelina Patti, and Francis Planté.

Derwies was also known for his philanthropy, funding charitable works such as a local asylum (which later became a school) and supporting hospitals. He was a passionate music lover, a pianist and a sometime composer. He made Valrose a cultural center for the Russian and international elite wintering on the French Riviera. Today, the Château de Valrose houses the University of Nice’s Faculty of Science and is recognized as a historical monument.

[2] The Società del Quartetto di Milano has played a vital role in shaping Italy’s musical landscape. It was founded in 1864 by such notable figures such as Arrigo Boito and Tito Ricordi. Though primarily dedicated to the promotion and performance of chamber music, especially string quartets, it has hosted numerous larger events, including the first Italian performance of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony in 1878 and the first Milanese performance of Bach’s St. Matthew Passion in 1911.

[3] Johann Heinrich Bonawitz (12 April 1839, Dürkheim am Rhein, Germany – 15 August 1917, London, England).


 

 

Concert: Leipzig, Gewandhaus: November 16, 1843, NZfM

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Concert: Leipzig Gewandhaus début: November 16, 1843
NZfM, Leipzig, Vol. 19, No. 47 (December 1, 1843), p. 188

[English translation below]


Joachim schien mir, wenn das Aeußere nicht trügt, ein Knabe von etwa 12–14 Jahren zu sein. Für ein solches Alter leistet er allerdings Ungewöhnliches und würde zu einer Zeit, wo die musicirenden Wunderkinder noch seltener waren, gewiß das größte Aufsehen erregt haben. In den letzten Jahren jedoch sind dem musikliebenden Publicum so viel solcher Wunder vorgeführt worden, daß sie aufgehört haben, welche zu sein. Auch hat man die Erfahrung gewonnen, daß diese vielversprechenden Kleinen sehr häufig nichts erfüllten, sondern in reiferen Jahren spurlos in die Alltagswelt verschwanden. Freilich, wenn ein solcher Knabe, wie z. B. dieser Joseph Joachim, in dem jedenfalls außerordentliche Anlagen vorhanden sind, bis zu seinem Mannesalter in geistiger und technischer Beziehung vorwärts schritte, dann müßte er sich zu einem wahrhaften Virtuosenwunder ausbilden. Möchte der kleine Virtuose durch unablässiges und edles Streben diese Voraussetzung verwirklichen, und das Glück ihm dazu günstig sein.

Z. [Heinrich Schmidt]


Joachim appeared to me, if outward appearances can be trusted, to be a boy of around 12–14 years old. For someone of that age, he achieves something extraordinary and would certainly have caused the greatest sensation in an era when musical child prodigies were still rare. However, in recent years, the music-loving public has been presented with so many such marvels that they have ceased to be marvels at all. Experience has also shown that these promising youngsters often fail to fulfill their potential, vanishing without a trace into the ordinary world as they mature. Of course, if such a boy—like this Joseph Joachim, who undoubtedly possesses exceptional talent—were to advance intellectually and technically into adulthood, he could develop into a true virtuoso marvel. May this young virtuoso realize this potential through relentless and noble effort, and may fortune smile upon his pursuit.

Z. [Heinrich Schmidt]


John Ella: Mendelssohn and his Protégé

Ella

John Ella

Portrait by Charles Baugniet in 1851
Courtesy of Raymond E. O. Ella, author-historian

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John Ella, “Mendelssohn and His Protégé,” in Musical Sketches Abroad and at Home, ed. John Belcher, 3rd ed. (London: William Reeves, 1878), 250–253.


Ella_Mendelssohn and his Protégé

Literature Review

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LITERATURE REVIEW


Joseph Joachim, Herman Grimm, and American Transcendentalism:
Encounter with Ralph Waldo Emerson

Styra Avins

In Joseph Joachim: Identities/Identitäten, edited by Katharina Uhde and Michael Uhde, 373–386. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2024.


Styra Avins’s chapter, “Joseph Joachim, Herman Grimm, and American Transcendentalism: Encounter with Ralph Waldo Emerson,” examines the profound impact of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s philosophical ideas on Joseph Joachim and his close friend, the German writer and art historian Herman Grimm, during a turbulent period in their early adulthood.

Joachim’s Early Struggles:

  • After leaving the vibrant musical scene of Weimar, Joachim found himself in Hanover feeling isolated, frustrated by his limited compositional opportunities, and facing pressure from his family regarding marriage and military service.
  • This period of intense inner turmoil is reflected in Joachim’s emotional letters to Gisela von Arnim, where he expressed a desperate yearning for love, creative fulfillment, and personal freedom.

Grimm’s Introduction to Emerson:

  • In 1855, Grimm encountered Emerson’s Essays through their mutual friend, the American musicologist Alexander Wheelock Thayer, who was in Berlin conducting research for his biography of Beethoven.
  • With Thayer’s guidance, Grimm delved into Emerson’s writings, finding deep resonance with the American philosopher’s ideas about self-reliance, individualism, and the transformative power of nature.

Emerson’s Influence on Joachim and Grimm:

  • Avins argues that Emerson’s writings provided a much-needed philosophical framework for Joachim to navigate his personal and artistic struggles.
  • Key tenets of Transcendentalism, such as the importance of intuition, nonconformity, and forging one’s own path, resonated deeply with Joachim’s desire for creative independence and personal authenticity.
  • Grimm, who translated Emerson’s essays into German, also found profound inspiration in his ideas. He even credited Emerson’s influence on his own writing, particularly his groundbreaking biography of Michelangelo.

Specific Examples of Emersonian Influence:

  • Avins highlights passages from Joachim’s letters where his newfound embrace of self-reliance and nonconformity is evident.
  • For example, Joachim’s decision to convert to Christianity in 1855, a move that distanced him from his family’s Jewish traditions, can be seen as an act of personal agency inspired by Emersonian ideals.

The Significance of Shared Ideals:

  • The shared enthusiasm for Emerson’s ideas solidified the bond between Joachim and Grimm, providing intellectual and emotional support during a challenging time.
  • This shared intellectual foundation helped them to weather personal and professional storms and ultimately contributed to their artistic development and personal growth.

Avins’s chapter provides valuable insight into the intellectual and emotional landscape that shaped Joachim’s early career, highlighting the profound impact of Emerson’s Transcendentalist philosophy on both Joachim and Grimm. By exploring their embrace of these ideas, the chapter offers a nuanced understanding of Joachim’s artistic and personal journey, revealing how his quest for self-discovery and creative fulfillment was nurtured by a vibrant transatlantic exchange of ideas.


“A Large, True Heart”  
The Sounding of Joseph Joachim’s Friendship with Charles Villiers Stanford

Adéle Commins

In Joseph Joachim: Identities/Identitäten, edited by Katharina Uhde and Michael Uhde, 187–204. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2024.


Joseph Joachim is well-documented as having had close associations with many great musicians of the nineteenth century, including Mendelssohn, Liszt, Clara and Robert Schumann, and Brahms. Joachim also had a significant influence on the career and music of the Irish-born composer Charles Villiers Stanford (1852–1924). Adèle Commins’s chapter “‘A Large, True Heart’: The Sounding of Joseph Joachim’s Friendship with Charles Villiers Stanford” explores the friendship between Joachim and Stanford over four decades, from their first meeting when Stanford was a young boy to Joachim’s death in 1907, and is briefly summarized as follows:

Joachim served as a mentor to Stanford throughout his career. In 1876, Joachim advised Stanford to seek training in Germany. Joachim also helped Stanford change composition teachers from Carl Reinecke to Friedrich Kiel. Joachim seems to have viewed himself as a father figure to Stanford, signing an 1899 letter to him “always your affectionate Uncle Jo”. For his part, Stanford relied heavily on Joachim for advice about his career as a musical director and composer, seeking his feedback on musical scores and programming decisions.

Joachim’s frequent visits to England and their shared views on music were important for the development of their relationship. Joachim made his English debut in London in 1844, and from then on, considered England his “second home.” Stanford arranged for Joachim to perform regularly at Cambridge when Stanford was the musical director of the Cambridge University Musical Society. In turn, Joachim was a champion of Stanford’s music, praising it in correspondence with Brahms and requesting that Stanford send him scores so he could arrange performances in Germany. Joachim also helped Stanford in his role as Professor of Music at Cambridge University, sharing his expertise with him by suggesting questions for examinations and providing musical examples.

Stanford wrote an article about Joachim shortly after his death in which his respect for Joachim as a musician, composer, performer, conductor, and friend is evident. Stanford’s autobiography expresses similar sentiments about his friendship with Joachim. Stanford praised Joachim’s traditional tendencies, reverence for the masters, and his purist attitude toward composition – characteristics they both shared. Stanford also admired Joachim’s personality and approach to life, contrasting it with the “large personalities and divas” he often encountered in his work. Stanford appreciated Joachim’s sense of humor and viewed him as a “model of sanity”.

Stanford dedicated his String Quartet No. 5 to Joachim after his death. The dedication to Joachim was more than just an association with a famous musician—it was Stanford’s way of processing the death of his friend. The quartet, the subtitle of which is “In Memoriam Joseph Joachim,” includes musical allusions to Joachim’s Romance Op. 2 No. 1 for violin and piano. The motto theme of the quartet is based on the first phrase of Joachim’s Romance, which Stanford described to Herbert Thompson as “quite unconsciously evolved”. Stanford described the quartet as not meant to be sad because Joachim “was not the sort of man whose memory could be associated with sadness, at least not to me”.

Joachim remained an important influence on Stanford throughout his life. Their relationship evolved over time from family friend to inspiration to mentor to friend and colleague. Stanford and Joachim shared a respect for one another, supported one another, and benefited from a long and healthy relationship.


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Joachim in Weimar 1850-1852

Robert Whitehouse Eshbach

In Joseph Joachim: Identities/Identitäten, edited by Katharina Uhde and Michael Uhde, 387–407. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2024.


Robert Whitehouse Eshbach’s chapter, “Joachim in Weimar 1850–1851,” delves into a crucial period in Joachim’s early adulthood, examining how his time in Weimar shaped his artistic development and career trajectory.

Eshbach challenges the prevailing narrative that Joachim left Weimar due to artistic disillusionment with Liszt, arguing instead that their relationship was one of mutual respect and admiration during this period. Joachim’s move to Hanover was driven more by career aspirations and the promise of a “large sphere of influence,” facilitated by Liszt himself.

Joachim’s Decision to Move to Weimar:

  • Following successful concerts in Paris, Joachim visited Weimar and was captivated by Liszt’s charisma and the town’s potential as a center for new music.
  • The position of Concertmeister offered a prestigious role, albeit with a lower salary than his Leipzig position.
  • Joachim prioritized the opportunity to collaborate with Liszt and believed it would be beneficial for his artistic growth.

Early Experiences in Weimar:

  • Contrary to expectations, Joachim encountered a stagnant musical scene upon his arrival. Liszt was often absent, leaving him feeling isolated and frustrated.
  • Joachim’s duties primarily involved playing in the Hofkapelle, performing operas he considered “kanaillöse Musik”.
  • This experience contrasted sharply with the vibrant intellectual atmosphere he had anticipated.

Friendship and Artistic Collaboration:

  • The arrival of Hans von Bülow in Weimar marked a turning point for Joachim. They formed a close bond with Raff, finding solace in their shared artistic ideals.
  • Their frequent chamber music performances, particularly their acclaimed rendition of Beethoven’s “Kreutzer” Sonata, provided artistic fulfillment.
  • Liszt’s occasional presence fostered a sense of camaraderie and intellectual exchange. He expressed “genuine affection” for Joachim and nurtured a supportive environment during his visits.

Joachim’s Evolving Relationship with Liszt and the “New German School”:

  • Eshbach highlights Joachim’s initial enthusiasm for the “New German School”.
  • This enthusiasm is evident in Joachim’s dedication to learning the music of Liszt and Raff, and his suggestion to perform their works with Liszt in 1854.
  • It was only after Joachim left Weimar for Hanover and came under the influence of the Schumanns and Brahms that his allegiance shifted. His famous “Absagebrief” to Liszt in 1856 signaled a decisive break with the Weimar circle.

Drawing on newly discovered concert programs and archival documents, Eshbach provides a detailed account of Joachim’s musical activities in Weimar.

These sources reveal:

  • Joachim’s extensive operatic repertoire as concertmaster, encompassing works by composers like Mozart, Weber, Rossini, and Wagner.
  • His participation in a series four public chamber music soirées, showcasing his dedication to this genre.

Eshbach’s chapter offers a nuanced understanding of a transformative period in Joachim’s life, illuminating the complexities of his artistic journey and his shifting allegiances within the musical world. He sheds light on the crucial role Weimar played in shaping Joachim’s identity as a performer, collaborator, and, ultimately, as a leading figure in the musical landscape of the nineteenth century.


Joseph Joachim and Wilma Neruda
Constructing Musical Identity in Victorian London

Natasha Loges

In Joseph Joachim: Identities/Identitäten, edited by Katharina Uhde and Michael Uhde, 263–278. Hildesheim; Zürich; New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 2024.


Natasha Loges’s chapter, “Joseph Joachim and Wilma Neruda: Constructing Musical Identity in Victorian London,” explores how gender, nationality, class, and connections to famous composers shaped the identities of two successful violinists. The chapter begins by reflecting on the concept of identity and the challenges of interpreting historical sources, particularly for Neruda, who left fewer behind than Joachim.

Joachim and Neruda Shared Similarities in Their Backgrounds and Careers:

  • Both were born on the “periphery” of the Habsburg Empire: Joachim in Hungary, Neruda in Moravia.
  • They came from modest backgrounds and experienced turbulent marriages.
  • Both achieved great success on the vibrant London concert scene.

However, factors like gender and connections to composers led them down different paths:

  • Joachim’s association with Brahms contributed to his enduring visibility, while Neruda, despite being exceedingly successful, lacked such a connection.
  • The absence of surviving children to manage her legacy and the lack of recordings further contributed to Neruda’s comparative obscurity.

Loges examines the broader context of women and the violin in the late nineteenth century. During this period, women’s roles and abilities were hotly debated, and female violinists often faced stereotypes and prejudice. Male violinists like Joachim were seen as strong and intellectual, while women were expected to be graceful and charming, potentially limiting their artistic expression.

To understand how these broader societal views impacted Joachim and Neruda, Loges analyzes their public image through statistical data and press coverage:

  • Joachim received significantly more coverage in the British press, particularly during the peak of his career in the 1870s and 1880s.
  • The way the press described them also reflected prevailing gender stereotypes. Joachim was praised for his intellectual depth and musical mastery, while Neruda was admired for her charm and beauty.

A comparison of their repertoire reveals both overlaps and key differences:

  • Both violinists frequently performed works by Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Bach.
  • Joachim, as a composer, benefited from detailed analytical program notes written for his concerts at the Crystal Palace, further bolstering his reputation as an intellectual figure.
  • Neruda, who did not compose, may have been discouraged from doing so due to the challenges faced by women composers. As a result, her reception history is less documented.

Joachim’s “Hungarian” and “German” Identities:

Loges analyzes how Joachim strategically presented different aspects of his identity for specific purposes:

  • His “Hungarian” identity was emphasized when performing character repertoire, like his own Hungarian Concerto, appealing to the Victorian fascination with exoticism.
  • Grove’s program notes for this concerto even connected its virtuosity and cadenza to “Gipsy” music-making, reinforcing its exotic appeal.
  • Conversely, Joachim’s “German” identity was foregrounded when interpreting works by Bach and Beethoven, asserting his authority in this repertoire.

Loges concludes by summarizing the key identity transformations both artists underwent throughout their lives:

  • Joachim transitioned from a virtuoso performer to a respected teacher and conductor later in his career.
  • Neruda, despite her initial success as a child prodigy, maintained a consistent public image as a charming and graceful performer.

By comparing the careers and reception of Joachim and Neruda, Loges’s chapter highlights how gender, nationality, and connections to powerful figures shaped the construction of musical identity in Victorian London.

The chapter also suggests that Neruda’s legacy deserves further exploration and recognition, challenging the traditional focus on Joachim in music history.